A man buried in France in the Late Neolithic era
The Middle to Late Neolithic period in Western Europe, particularly at Mont-Aimé in France, represents a fascinating era characterized by significant societal transformations and technological advancements. This period, spanning roughly from 4000 to 2500 BCE, was marked by the development of sedentary communities, the expansion of agricultural practices, and the emergence of complex social structures.
Geographic and Environmental Context
Mont-Aimé is located in the northeastern part of modern-day France, a region that during the Neolithic period consisted of varied landscapes including plains, forests, and river valleys. The fertile soils and moderate climate made it an ideal location for early agricultural societies. Furthermore, proximity to natural resources such as flint, used for tool-making, and forests, providing timber and game, supported the establishment and growth of Neolithic communities.
Agricultural Practices and Economy
By the Middle Neolithic, the inhabitants of Mont-Aimé had fully adopted agriculture, which formed the backbone of their economy. They cultivated a range of crops including wheat, barley, peas, and lentils, and domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. This agricultural base supported larger, more permanent settlements and led to population growth.
The shift from a predominantly hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agrarian one also facilitated the development of trade networks. Surpluses in food and the production of goods such as pottery, textiles, and tools allowed for exchange between communities. The discovery of non-local materials at Mont-Aimé sites points to trade connections reaching beyond the immediate region, spreading ideas and technologies.
Social and Cultural Developments
As these communities expanded, so did their social complexity. Evidence from burial sites indicates the emergence of social stratification, with differences in grave goods suggesting varying social status among individuals. Some burials include intricate pottery, personal ornaments, and tools, possibly indicating that certain individuals held specific roles or status within the community.
Ceremonial and spiritual practices evolved alongside social changes. Megalithic structures, such as dolmens and menhirs, are prominent features of this period and may have served as communal gathering sites, religious monuments, or territorial markers. These constructions required coordinated group effort, reflecting the organizational capabilities and shared belief systems of the people.
Technological Innovations
The Neolithic period in Mont-Aimé saw several technological innovations, particularly in tool-making and pottery. The use of polished stone tools became widespread, reflecting improved techniques in flint knapping and the working of other stones. These tools were crucial for agriculture, construction, and crafting, facilitating everyday life and enhancing productivity.
Pottery from this era demonstrates increasingly sophisticated design and production methods. Decorative motifs, including incised patterns and painted designs, reveal artistic expression and may have held cultural or symbolic significance. The transition from hand-made to wheel-thrown pottery towards the end of the Neolithic marks a critical technological advancement.
Architectural Developments
Settlements during the Middle to Late Neolithic at Mont-Aimé consisted of longhouses and smaller dwellings, constructed primarily from timber and thatch. Archaeological findings show evidence of planned layouts, with buildings arranged around communal spaces, suggesting a degree of social organization and planning.
The construction of large communal structures, possibly used for gatherings, storage, or ceremonial purposes, highlights the cooperative nature of these communities. The labor invested in constructing these edifices illustrates the value placed on communal and social functions.
Conclusion
The Middle to Late Neolithic period in Mont-Aimé, France, represents a pivotal era in the history of Western Europe. The advancements in agriculture, technology, and social organization laid essential foundations for subsequent cultural and societal developments. Through the challenges and innovations of this period, the communities of Mont-Aimé played a significant role in shaping the trajectory of Neolithic Europe, leaving a lasting legacy on the cultural landscape.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (2H11) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (2H11) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample 2H11 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
2H11,0.13009224,0.14166788,0.05824382,0.03240814,0.04817904,0.01349796,0.00310364,0.00888724,0.0165042,0.01448446,-0.00870906,0.00688744,-0.00606396,-5.332E-05,0.0056004,0.00273728,-0.0086995,-0.00083322,-0.00012878,-0.00013214,0.00501974,0.00385994,-0.00267596,-0.00448306,0.00075056
Heterogeneous Hunter-Gatherer and Steppe-Related Ancestries in Late Neolithic and Bell Beaker Genomes from Present-Day France
The transition from the Late Neolithic to the Bronze Age has witnessed important population and societal changes in western Europe.1 These include massive genomic contributions of pastoralist herders originating from the Pontic-Caspian steppes2,3 into local populations, resulting from complex interactions between collapsing hunter-gatherers and expanding farmers of Anatolian ancestry.4-8 This transition is documented through extensive ancient genomic data from present-day Britain,9,10 Ireland,11,12 Iberia,13 Mediterranean islands,14,15 and Germany.8 It remains, however, largely overlooked in France, where most focus has been on the Middle Neolithic (n = 63),8,9,16 with the exception of one Late Neolithic genome sequenced at 0.05× coverage.16 This leaves the key transitional period covering ∼3,400-2,700 cal. years (calibrated years) BCE genetically unsampled and thus the exact time frame of hunter-gatherer persistence and arrival of steppe migrations unknown. To remediate this, we sequenced 24 ancient human genomes from France spanning ∼3,400-1,600 cal. years BCE. This reveals Late Neolithic populations that are genetically diverse and include individuals with dark skin, hair, and eyes. We detect heterogeneous hunter-gatherer ancestries within Late Neolithic communities, reaching up to ∼63.3% in some individuals, and variable genetic contributions of steppe herders in Bell Beaker populations. We provide an estimate as late as ∼3,800 years BCE for the admixture between Neolithic and Mesolithic populations and as early as ∼2,650 years BCE for the arrival of steppe-related ancestry. The genomic heterogeneity characterized underlines the complex history of human interactions even at the local scale.