Genetic data from the Spain_BA set comprises four individuals dated between 2100 and 1300 BCE from La Rioja (Cueva de los Lagos), Sierra de Atapuerca (El Portalón), Priego de Córdoba (Andalusia), and Lucena (Covacha del Ángel). Y-chromosome results include two individuals carrying haplogroup R and one carrying haplogroup G; mitochondrial lineages include two K, one U, and one L. Because the sample count is small (n=4), these patterns are preliminary and should be treated with caution.
Broadly, R-lineage Y haplogroups became common in many parts of Europe during the Bronze Age and can reflect an ancestry component often associated in large-scale studies with Steppe-derived migrations. Haplogroup G has deeper ties to Neolithic farmer expansions in Europe and Anatolia. The presence of mtDNA K and U aligns with continuities of Neolithic and post-Neolithic maternal lineages across Iberia. Notably, a single mtDNA L lineage — a haplogroup more frequent in Africa today — hints at occasional Mediterranean or North African maternal connections, but with one sample this is only suggestive.
When archaeological context is combined with genetic signals, a narrative emerges of communities with layered ancestries: local Neolithic-derived lineages persisting alongside incoming elements linked to broader Bronze Age mobility. However, with fewer than ten genomes the dataset can indicate possibilities rather than firm population-level conclusions.
