A
Ohio and upper river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The site's account explains Mississippian as a comparison among diverse communities and places the town around 1100–1450 CE. The site manager's research history notes that extensive twentieth-century work still sampled only part of the settlement.
River town and earthwork context
Approximately 1100–1450 CE principal town; later research distinguished
Platform mounds, household archaeology, ceramics, field records and community-informed interpretation
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Evansville, Indiana, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
A
Ohio and upper river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The state history describes local and Cahokia-region relationships alongside farming, craft and fortified settlement. The museum records systematic 1919 excavation and the growth of its archaeological collection; sampling and collecting shape interpretation.
River settlement and regional-interaction context
Approximately 1050–1250 CE focus; published occupation bounds vary
Settlement archaeology, palisade evidence, ceramics, food remains and museum collections
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Lake Mills, Wisconsin, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
C
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The state guide describes a long-lived gathering landscape with earthworks and a shell midden. The park's excavation history distinguishes early collecting from later research and explains missing object-location records.
Coastal settlement and earthwork context
First millennium BCE–first millennium CE broad context; local feature dates distinguished
Shell deposits, earthen constructions, ceramics, excavation records and heritage interpretation
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Crystal River, Florida, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
E
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The state site interprets earthworks and settlement as evidence of community organization and regional relationships. Cobb and King analyze population movement and changing political arrangements rather than a single unbroken regime.
Town, political organization and exchange context
Approximately 1000–1550 CE broad frame; local occupation phases distinguished
Architecture, ceramics, settlement sequences, remote sensing and archaeological models
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Cartersville, Georgia, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
G
Northeastern woodland contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
Ganondagan's institutional account presents a seventeenth-century Seneca town through continuing community histories, not a people confined to the past. The longhouse account distinguishes the late-twentieth-century reconstruction from a dwelling that survived the 1687 destruction.
Seneca town and community-led heritage context
Seventeenth century CE focus; later interpretation and living heritage separately dated
Archaeology, attributed colonial names, Seneca public interpretation and reconstructed architecture
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Victor, New York, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
J
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The state account separates early earthworks from later construction and notes the effects of flooding. Lehmann documents surface collections and their limitations; selected objects cannot stand for every occupation or household.
Multiperiod earthwork and exchange context
Late Archaic–approximately 1600 CE, with distinct occupation and construction phases
Earthworks, flood deposits, stone materials, surface collections and excavation histories
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Belzoni, Mississippi, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
K
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The park places Kolomoki's major earthworks in a Woodland-period setting, not automatically a later Mississippian city. Pluckhahn's research synthesis revisits occupation history, settlement and economy rather than classifying the site by mound size alone.
Woodland settlement and earthwork context
Main research synthesis approximately 350–750 CE; broader park chronology extends later
Settlement archaeology, mound sequences, ceramics, environmental context and modern stewardship
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Blakely, Georgia, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
M
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The state interpretation describes adoption of some distant practices alongside local choices, not one-way civilizing expansion. The exhibit dates major relief-funded investigations and restoration to the 1930s, shaping the visible landscape.
Earthwork and regional-interaction context
Approximately 1–400 CE main interpretive frame; modern research later
Earthworks, ceramics, comparative materials and excavation and restoration records
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Marksville, Louisiana, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
M
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
Knight's account distinguishes intensive settlement from later changes in residential and ceremonial use. The park's guide identifies continuing Tribal relationships and explains Mississippian as a scholarly classification, not an ancient self-name.
Town, political and changing ceremonial context
Approximately 1000–1450 CE main sequence; some later use and heritage distinguished
Earthworks, settlement layout, material studies, excavation archives and community-informed interpretation
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
O
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
NPS identifies Ocmulgee as a Muscogee ancestral homeland within a much longer history of local occupation. The period account distinguishes mound-building and later regional settlement contexts rather than one unchanged town.
River settlement and living-homeland context
Long earlier sequence; approximately 900–1700 CE focus; later removal and stewardship distinguished
Settlement archaeology, earthworks, dated architecture, attributed historical accounts and living institutions
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Macon, Georgia, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
P
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The research station describes mound, house and enclosure evidence and a sequence beginning around 1000 CE. Mitchem separates a possible historical identification from timber dating and objects; a broad date range is not an exact 1541 confirmation.
River town and attributed contact-history context
Approximately 1000–1550 CE focus; later landscape and research distinguished
Earthworks, house traces, European objects, dated timber and expedition accounts
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Wynne, Arkansas, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
P
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The division places the principal construction and intensive use around 100–350 CE, separate from limited later activity. The field report documents investigation and park-development sampling; its early interpretations require comparison with later research.
Middle Woodland gathering and earthwork context
Principal construction approximately 100–350 CE; later limited use distinguished
Radiocarbon dates, ceramics, geophysics, topography and excavation reports
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Jackson, Tennessee, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
P
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The research station places the principal mound center around 650–1050 CE and relates it to surrounding communities. Ford's study interprets cooking and animal-bone deposits as evidence of gatherings and distinguishes phases within one low mound.
Late Woodland gathering and earthwork context
Approximately 650–1050 CE; later research and renaming distinguished
Mound stratigraphy, animal and plant evidence, ceramics and research archives
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Little Rock, Arkansas, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
R
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
NPS describes a long occupation record; differing public chronology summaries should not be collapsed into one exact starting date. The Woodland account reports plant seeds, pottery and tools, providing evidence of varied food practices rather than a uniform agricultural revolution.
Shelter sequence and foodways context
Early Holocene–approximately 1650 CE; published duration estimates differ
Stratified deposits, tools, plant and animal evidence and excavation archives
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Bridgeport, Alabama, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
S
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The historical society describes long-distance material connections and different phases of settlement and mound use. The institutional FAQ distinguishes surviving earthworks from a major reconstructed feature damaged by commercial digging.
River center, exchange and heritage-damage context
Approximately 800/850–1450 CE main mound-center sequence; later use distinguished
Earthworks, craft materials, settlement archaeology and excavation and conservation records
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Fort Smith, Arkansas, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
S
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The field-project account compares Stallings Island with other Savannah River sites and legacy museum collections. UGA defines a fiber-tempered, punctated pottery type; that technical category does not name all its makers' identities.
River settlement and early-pottery context
Late Archaic contexts, broadly third–second millennia BCE; research later
Fiber-tempered pottery, faunal samples, excavations and comparative collections
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Augusta, Georgia, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
S
Ohio and upper river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The site's interpretation describes dwellings and a central plaza, while dates in institutional summaries require comparison. The society distinguishes excavated evidence from reconstructed houses and posts; it describes astronomical alignments as inferred.
Village household and reconstruction context
Twelfth–thirteenth-century CE interpretations; later research and reconstruction distinguished
Posthole plans, settlement archaeology, material collections and experimental reconstruction
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Dayton, Ohio, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
T
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The state interpretation places Town Creek in a regional South Appalachian Mississippian setting, not a single Eastern nation. The institutional record identifies a sustained archaeological program; a long investigation still does not represent every resident's voice.
Town, plaza and regional-interaction context
Second millennium CE, principally precolonial building phases; regional background from around eleventh century
Postholes, construction sequences, ceramics, plazas and excavation and reconstruction records
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Mount Gilead, North Carolina, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
W
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The 2005 investigation dates initial earthworks around 3500 BCE and later building episodes, not one instantaneous project. The 1997 study combined independent material and environmental evidence to assess the early complex.
Early earthwork and foraging-community context
Approximately 3500–after 3000 BCE main building sequence
Coring, mound stratigraphy, radiocarbon and luminescence dating, soils and food remains
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Monroe, Louisiana, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
W
Southeastern and central river-network contexts (orientation only)
Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.
The department describes hand-built earthworks enlarged over time, along with plazas and surrounding community activity. The trail account distinguishes earlier occupation from later major mound construction and repeated building reuse.
River community and earthwork context
Approximately 1000–1450 CE main sequence; conservation later
Mound stratigraphy, structures, food debris, causeways and conservation studies
- Reference town or archaeological context
- Greenville, Mississippi, United States (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, farming, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
- 语言家庭
- Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
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