Karuo and eastern plateau households - History, Government, Language, and Sources

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Deep History of the Tibetan Plateau and Himalayas: Highlands, Valleys, and Connected Worlds
Eastern plateau and upper Lancang valley · Source-reviewed profile

Karuo and eastern plateau households

Karuo (卡若)

Plant remains place food choices at the center of settlement history. Millet, later wheat, hunting, gathering, and fishing complicate any single-origin story of plateau farming.

Neolithic settlement and multi-resource subsistence context Third-second millennia BCE, with context-specific dates Archaeobotanical sampling, charred crop remains, settlement excavations, and regional food-economy comparisons Karuo archaeological site, Chamdo (approximate orientation); approximate orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural, or sovereignty boundary.
概览

Highland landscapes, communities, and changing institutions

Plateau, valley, and connected regional landscapes

The upper Lancang landscape joined plateau valleys and lower-elevation environments. Food networks changed over time.

Political organization and community scale

Domestic production and cooperation are investigated; neither a unified Karuo polity nor its leadership is demonstrated.

Later transformation, living heritage, and modern reception

Modern plant studies have revised interpretations of grain procurement and cultivation. Present communities are not assigned automatic descent from the settlement.

Millet important around 2700-2100 calibrated BCE

The 2021 researchers argue that local cultivation was possible, not established for every context.

Source review: 2026-10-19 [S1]
Later crops wheat appears after the mid-second millennium BCE

Changing grains belong to a longer subsistence history.

Source review: 2026-10-19 [S1]
Comparison altitude affected cultivation choices

Crop ecology and archaeological sampling constrain regional explanations.

Source review: 2026-10-19 [S2] [S3]
历史序列

简洁、来源化的时间表

这些里程碑是指向点,而不是完整的历史.

  1. Millet-centered food use

    Systematic plant evidence supports an important role for millet.

  2. Crop repertoire changes

    Wheat appears while the role of millet may decline.

  3. Comparative archaeobotany

    Published work compared crops from Karuo and western plateau contexts.

  4. Subsistence reassessed

    New plant studies place farming beside other resources and management strategies.

文化和语言

Households, labor, language, belief, and material evidence

本简介中命名的语言

  • No directly attested Neolithic language

语言家庭: Material classifications do not establish linguistic descent

Dietary diversity can support occupation without one universal farming package.

Wheat at a later stage does not demonstrate wholesale population replacement.

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证据登记册

本页使用的来源

Prefer accountable excavation teams, heritage authorities, academic inscription editions, institutional collections, and community-linked conservation projects. Registered sources are HTTPS and exclude Wikipedia. Royal, religious, colonial, and modern national narratives require attribution.

  1. C1

    Archaeology of the Tibetan Plateau

    Anke Hein, Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, Springer · Academic archaeological synthesis · 2018

  2. C2

    Middle and Late Pleistocene Denisovan subsistence at Baishiya Karst Cave

    Xia et al., Nature · Primary archaeological and proteomic study · 2024

  3. C3
  4. C4

    Comment on Permanent human occupation of the central Tibetan Plateau in the early Holocene

    Zhang et al., Science · Published technical challenge to permanent-occupation interpretation · 2017

  5. C5
  6. C6

    Old Tibetan Documents Online

    Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies · Academic manuscript and inscription editions · Texts of the seventh-twelfth centuries; current critical corpus

  7. C7

    Early West Tibetan Buddhist Monuments

    Austrian Academy of Sciences · Textual and architectural research project · Archived research project

  8. C8

    Text, Art and Performance in Bon Ritual

    University of Vienna, CIRDIS · Community-linked ritual and art research · 2012-2016 project

  9. C9

    Preserving earthen architecture: Lessons learned from two case studies

    Fuchs, Milchin and Krist, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports · Primary conservation research · 2024

  10. C10

    The Sinja Valley Excavation in 2000 A.D.

    Evans and Gibson with Acharya, Harward and Kunwar, Ancient Nepal 153; University of Cambridge archive · Primary Nepalese-Cambridge excavation report · 2003

  11. S1

    Farming and multi-resource subsistence in the third and second millennium BC: archaeobotanical evidence from Karuo

    Song et al., Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · Primary archaeobotanical study · 2021

  12. S2

    Moving agriculture onto the Tibetan plateau: the archaeobotanical evidence

    Peking University institutional research repository · Primary archaeobotanical publication record · 2014

  13. S3

    Into thin air: prehistoric intensive crop management in high altitude western Tibet

    Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology · Primary crop-management study with regional comparisons · 2024

来源和名称仍然是各自出版商和社区的财产,列入这些来源和名称是为了引证和教育;并不意味着认可DNAGENICS,摘要是编辑原文,应与链接来源核对,以便重要使用。

Editorial review: October 19, 2026

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