Karuo and eastern plateau households
Karuo (卡若)
Plant remains place food choices at the center of settlement history. Millet, later wheat, hunting, gathering, and fishing complicate any single-origin story of plateau farming.
Highland landscapes, communities, and changing institutions
Plateau, valley, and connected regional landscapes
The upper Lancang landscape joined plateau valleys and lower-elevation environments. Food networks changed over time.
Political organization and community scale
Domestic production and cooperation are investigated; neither a unified Karuo polity nor its leadership is demonstrated.
Later transformation, living heritage, and modern reception
Modern plant studies have revised interpretations of grain procurement and cultivation. Present communities are not assigned automatic descent from the settlement.
The 2021 researchers argue that local cultivation was possible, not established for every context.
Changing grains belong to a longer subsistence history.
Crop ecology and archaeological sampling constrain regional explanations.
A concise, sourced timeline
These milestones are orientation points, not a complete history.
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Comparative archaeobotany
Published work compared crops from Karuo and western plateau contexts.
Households, labor, language, belief, and material evidence
Languages named in this profile
- No directly attested Neolithic language
Language family: Material classifications do not establish linguistic descent
Dietary diversity can support occupation without one universal farming package.
Wheat at a later stage does not demonstrate wholesale population replacement.
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Sources used for this page
Prefer accountable excavation teams, heritage authorities, academic inscription editions, institutional collections, and community-linked conservation projects. Registered sources are HTTPS and exclude Wikipedia. Royal, religious, colonial, and modern national narratives require attribution.
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C1
Archaeology of the Tibetan Plateau
Anke Hein, Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, Springer · Academic archaeological synthesis · 2018
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C2
Middle and Late Pleistocene Denisovan subsistence at Baishiya Karst Cave
Xia et al., Nature · Primary archaeological and proteomic study · 2024
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C3
New dating indicates intermittent human occupation of the Nwya Devu Paleolithic site on the high-altitude central Tibetan Plateau during the past 45,000 years
Ge et al., Science China Earth Sciences · Primary dating study · 2024
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C4
Comment on Permanent human occupation of the central Tibetan Plateau in the early Holocene
Zhang et al., Science · Published technical challenge to permanent-occupation interpretation · 2017
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C5
Foraging and farming: archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological evidence for Neolithic exchange on the Tibetan Plateau
Ren et al., Antiquity · Primary plant and animal remains study · 2020
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C6
Old Tibetan Documents Online
Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies · Academic manuscript and inscription editions · Texts of the seventh-twelfth centuries; current critical corpus
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C7
Early West Tibetan Buddhist Monuments
Austrian Academy of Sciences · Textual and architectural research project · Archived research project
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C8
Text, Art and Performance in Bon Ritual
University of Vienna, CIRDIS · Community-linked ritual and art research · 2012-2016 project
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C9
Preserving earthen architecture: Lessons learned from two case studies
Fuchs, Milchin and Krist, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports · Primary conservation research · 2024
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C10
The Sinja Valley Excavation in 2000 A.D.
Evans and Gibson with Acharya, Harward and Kunwar, Ancient Nepal 153; University of Cambridge archive · Primary Nepalese-Cambridge excavation report · 2003
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S1
Farming and multi-resource subsistence in the third and second millennium BC: archaeobotanical evidence from Karuo
Song et al., Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · Primary archaeobotanical study · 2021
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S2
Moving agriculture onto the Tibetan plateau: the archaeobotanical evidence
Peking University institutional research repository · Primary archaeobotanical publication record · 2014
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S3
Into thin air: prehistoric intensive crop management in high altitude western Tibet
Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology · Primary crop-management study with regional comparisons · 2024
Editorial review: October 19, 2026