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Portrait reconstruction of A woman buried in Peru in the Ancient South America era
Ancient Individual

A woman buried in Peru in the Ancient South America era

A woman buried in Peru during the Unknown Period Kaillachuro, Peru

A fragment of the ancient world, preserved across millennia in strands of DNA.

K1
6000 BCE - 2000 CE
Female
Peru
Scroll to begin
Chapter I

Identity

The biological and cultural markers that define this ancient individual

Sample ID

K1

Date Range

6000 BCE - 2000 CE

Cultural Period

Unknown Period Kaillachuro, Peru

Biological Sex

Female

mtDNA Haplogroup

H5a1

Y-DNA Haplogroup

N/A (Female)

Social Role

Pastoralist (AI estimate, era-typical)

Chapter II

Place

Where this individual was discovered

Country Peru
Locality Rio Ilave Basin. Kaillachuro
Chapter III

Time

When this individual lived in the broader context of human history

K1 6000 BCE - 2000 CE
Chapter IV

Story

The narrative of this ancient life

Region & Environment

Kaillachuro is associated with southern Peru and a highland ecological setting. Highland environments involve challenging temperatures and variable precipitation, which encourages agriculture when local microclimates allow and supports herding and gathering across different elevations.

Historical Context

Because the time period is listed as Unknown, any broader placement must remain general. In Andean archaeology, “Highland Andean” frameworks typically refer to lifeways shaped by terraced cultivation options, pastoral resource management, and shifting settlement use over time.

Populations & Lifeways

Populations likely lived in small communities or dispersed settlements, organizing labor around seasonal cycles and the management of locally available resources. Subsistence would have combined plant and animal procurement, supported by toolkits suited to processing foods and maintaining portable equipment.

Archaeology & Material Culture

Archaeological identification for Kaillachuro relies on a cultural attribution (the local name) rather than the certainty of a tightly constrained chronology. Material evidence would be expected to include region-typical tools and settlement traces, but the dataset provided here does not specify particular diagnostic artifact categories.

Culture & Society

Cultural attribution implies recognizable recurring practices at the site or cluster of sites—such as consistent artifact choices, settlement organization, or other patterned behaviors. However, with an unknown timeframe, the social meaning of these patterns should be treated cautiously.

Legacy & Transition

With no resolved dates, it is not possible to describe the exact transition that follows Kaillachuro. Broadly, Highland Andean traditions participate in long-term Andean changes that eventually include later technological and settlement transformations across the region.

Context

Related Samples

This individual exists within a broader network of ancient samples. No ancient genome stands alone.

Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
IL2 Rio Uncallane, Peru 1,800 Years Ago 100 CE Rio Ilave Basin. Rio Uncallane, Peru View
IL3 Rio Uncallane, Peru 1,600 Years Ago 140 CE Rio Ilave Basin. Rio Uncallane, Peru View
IL7 Rio Uncallane, Peru 1,600 Years Ago 120 CE Rio Ilave Basin. Rio Uncallane, Peru View
IL5 Rio Uncallane, Peru 1,600 Years Ago 225 CE Rio Ilave Basin. Rio Uncallane, Peru View
IL4 Rio Uncallane, Peru 1,600 Years Ago 417 CE Rio Ilave Basin. Rio Uncallane, Peru View
K1 Unknown Period Kaillachuro, Peru 6000 BCE Rio Ilave Basin. Kaillachuro, Peru View
SMP5 Soro Mikaya Patjxa, Peru 6,800 Years Ago 4987 BCE Rio Ilave Basin. Soro Mik’aya Patjxa, Peru View
IL2 100 CE Rio Ilave Basin. Rio Uncallane, Peru View
IL3 140 CE Rio Ilave Basin. Rio Uncallane, Peru View
IL4 417 CE Rio Ilave Basin. Rio Uncallane, Peru View
IL5 225 CE Rio Ilave Basin. Rio Uncallane, Peru View
IL7 120 CE Rio Ilave Basin. Rio Uncallane, Peru View
K1 6000 BCE Rio Ilave Basin. Kaillachuro, Peru View
SMP5 4987 BCE Rio Ilave Basin. Soro Mik’aya Patjxa, Peru View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
K1 Unknown Period Kaillachuro, Peru 6000 BCE Rio Ilave Basin. Kaillachuro, Peru View
Sources

References

Scientific publications and genetic data that inform this profile.

Scientific Publication

The genetic prehistory of the Andean highlands 7000 years BP though European contact

Authors Lindo J, Haas R, Hofman C, Apata M, Moraga M et al.
Abstract

The peopling of the Andean highlands above 2500 m in elevation was a complex process that included cultural, biological, and genetic adaptations. Here, we present a time series of ancient whole genomes from the Andes of Peru, dating back to 7000 calendar years before the present (BP), and compare them to 42 new genome-wide genetic variation datasets from both highland and lowland populations. We infer three significant features: a split between low- and high-elevation populations that occurred between 9200 and 8200 BP; a population collapse after European contact that is significantly more severe in South American lowlanders than in highland populations; and evidence for positive selection at genetic loci related to starch digestion and plausibly pathogen resistance after European contact. We do not find selective sweep signals related to known components of the human hypoxia response, which may suggest more complex modes of genetic adaptation to high altitude.

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