A
Southwestern Amazonia
Fazenda Colorada / Acre geoglyph contexts (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Geometric enclosures and surrounding soils allow research on construction and changing forest practices. Evidence for earlier land use must be distinguished from the age and purpose of particular earthworks.
Earthwork and managed-forest context
First and early second millennia CE for the Fazenda Colorada project frame; earlier land-use evidence separately dated
Earthwork survey, excavation, radiocarbon dating, soil charcoal and environmental research.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Rio Branco public city orientation, Acre, Brazil. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
A
Central Amazon confluence
Açutuba (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Açutuba provides an important regional sequence through survey, excavation and ceramic research. Several occupation components and changing spaces require more than one model of community organization.
Multicomponent settlement and ceramic context
Late first millennium BCE through later precolonial centuries; site and phase chronologies distinguished
Excavated stratigraphy, ceramics, radiocarbon associations and regional settlement comparison.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Manaus public city orientation, Amazonas, Brazil. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
B
Llanos de Moxos
Baures fish-weir landscapes (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Channels, embankments and ponds provide evidence for skilled work in seasonal floodplains. Their proposed operation lies between capture and management, without necessarily matching modern aquaculture categories.
Wetland engineering and livelihood context
Late precolonial wetland systems; construction dates and continuing uses need local evidence
Landscape survey, earthwork analysis, hydrology, ecological modeling and archaeological field accounts.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Baures public town orientation, Beni, Bolivia. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
C
Amapá and Guiana coastal worlds
Rêgo Grande I / Calçoene (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Granite arrangements and excavated contexts support investigation of ceremonial landscapes on the northern Amazonian coast. Material care and interpretation should not reduce the site to an observatory slogan.
Megalithic, ceremonial and heritage context
Later precolonial contexts; individual constructions and mortuary episodes need separate chronology
Megalithic survey, excavation, spatial relationships and institutional heritage documentation.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Calçoene public town orientation, Amapá, Brazil. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
C
Lower Amazon and estuary
Camutins / Marajó (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Camutins research connects mound construction, aquatic landscapes and proposed changes in authority. Historical collecting and museum interpretation are distinct from intact excavation contexts.
Mound, aquatic-resource and political model context
First and early second millennia CE in the Marajoara research frame; sites and phases differ
Field survey, mound excavation, ceramic analysis, landscape reconstruction and collecting archives.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Belém, Museu Goeldi institutional city orientation, Pará, Brazil. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
C
Llanos de Moxos
Cotoca / Landívar (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Monumental platforms, causeways and canals support study of low-density settlement networks in a seasonal landscape. Food and water-management interpretations require the evidence and scale of each study.
Low-density urban and water-management context
Approximately 500-1400 CE for the Casarabe archaeological classification
Lidar, excavation, dating, settlement analysis, landscape archaeology and environmental evidence.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Trinidad public city orientation, Beni, Bolivia. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
C
Northwestern Amazonian forests
Chiribiquete (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Chiribiquete brings cultural and environmental heritage together. A responsible overview can explain protection and evidence limits without disclosing sacred locations, isolated communities or restricted knowledge.
Evidence-limited cultural landscape and protection context
Long Indigenous cultural histories; individual panel ages unresolved here, with modern protection separately dated
Institutional heritage assessment, public nomination history and protected-area care guidance; not a complete excavation sequence.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Bogotá, ICANH institutional city orientation only, Colombia; not the location of the park. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
G
Guiana coastal worlds
Coastal savannas near Kourou (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Raised-field research combines archaeology, plants, soils and ecology in seasonally flooded coastal savannas. Constructed surfaces and later ecosystem processes have related but different histories.
Raised-field agriculture and landscape ecology context
Later precolonial field systems, particularly approximately 1000-1500 CE; later ecological maintenance separately contextualized
Archaeobotany, soil analysis, dating, ecological observation and landscape research.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Kourou public town orientation, French Guiana. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
H
Central Amazon confluence
Hatahara (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Hatahara combines built mounds, dark earth, ceramics and mortuary contexts within a long-used settlement landscape. Each type of deposit contributes partial evidence rather than one complete community portrait.
Settlement, dark-earth and ethical mortuary context
Late Holocene sequences, particularly the first and early second millennia CE; individual deposits differ
Stratigraphic and mortuary excavation, ceramics, soil and phytolith research and regional settlement analysis.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Iranduba public town orientation, Amazonas, Brazil. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
I
Llanos de Moxos
Isla del Tesoro (SM1) (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Small elevated places in seasonal wetlands can preserve substantial histories of food use and occupation. Research distinguishes human-made deposits from natural landforms and later settlement systems.
Early shell-midden and landscape context
Early and middle Holocene episodes; regional cultivation evidence must not be assigned to every island
Sediment cores, shell-midden excavation, geoarchaeology, calibrated dates and regional plant microremains.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Trinidad public city orientation, Beni, Bolivia. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
K
Southern Amazonian rim
Kuhikugu / Upper Xingu (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Settlement and soil research in the Upper Xingu connects built landscapes with collaborative knowledge-making. Living Kuikuro participants are not anonymous analogies or sources of unrestricted cultural material.
Settlement landscape and collaborative living-heritage context
Later precolonial settlement networks, with living communities and modern collaborative research separately contextualized
Settlement survey, earthworks, soils and collaborative archaeological and ethnographic research.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Canarana public regional-town orientation, Mato Grosso, Brazil; not an Indigenous village. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
L
Northwestern Amazonian forests
Serranía La Lindosa / Cerro Azul (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Excavated plants, animal remains and tools provide evidence for changing use of a forest-river landscape. Rock-art interpretation and excavated food remains are complementary but non-identical archives.
Rock-shelter, foodways and heritage context
Late Pleistocene through later Holocene episodes; individual images require independent chronology
Excavation, calibrated dates, archaeobotany, zooarchaeology, image analysis and institutional conservation documentation.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- San José del Guaviare public town orientation, Colombia. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
M
Southwestern Amazonia
Monte Castelo (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Monte Castelo combines construction, food remains, ceramics and other practices in a wetland setting. Layered evidence reveals changing uses rather than one unchanging economy or political identity.
Shellmound, wetland and food-production context
Approximately 6000-700 years BP in the reviewed sequence; individual calibrated phases distinguished
Shellmound stratigraphy, archaeobotany, phytolith measurements, ceramics, stone tools and excavation research.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Costa Marques public town orientation, Rondônia, Brazil. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
P
Middle Orinoco
Parmána / Middle Orinoco (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Parmána research has shaped debates about farming, floodplain resources and social change. It is useful precisely when archaeological observations are separated from demographic and ecological models.
Subsistence, chronology and research-model context
Precolonial ceramic and foodway sequences; phase dates are attributed rather than silently recalibrated
Original field-research monograph, ceramic and subsistence sequences, attributed regional synthesis and methodological analysis.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Ciudad Bolívar public regional-city orientation, Venezuela. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
P
Lower Amazon
Caverna da Pedra Pintada (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Stratified deposits at Pedra Pintada connect tools, plant remains and river-forest food resources. The evidence contributes to discussions of early tropical occupation without supplying one route or identity for all early Americans.
Early occupation and dating context
Late Pleistocene and later Holocene episodes; dating units and disputed associations retained
Excavated stratigraphy, radiocarbon and luminescence dating, stone tools, carbonized plants and faunal remains.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Monte Alegre public town orientation, Pará, Brazil. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
S
Lower Orinoco
Saladero / Barrancas material contexts (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Lower Orinoco materials allow investigation of ceramics, food residues and changing chronologies. Collection history and direct dating matter before pottery similarities become claims about migration or identity.
Ceramic sequence and collection-context study
Later prehistoric ceramic sequences; precise phase ranges remain under reassessment
Legacy excavation collections, AMS dating, starch analysis, ceramic petrography and institutional object records.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Barrancas del Orinoco public town orientation, Venezuela. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
S
Lower Tapajós and Amazon confluence
Aldeia / Porto Santarém (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Archaeology beneath and around Santarém documents built-up riverine landscapes and varied materials. Modern construction, research and public education shape which evidence survives and becomes visible.
Urban archaeological and public heritage context
Later precolonial sequences and early colonial encounters; research and education separately dated
Urban archaeology, ceramics, lithic study, dark-earth deposits and regional research documentation.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Santarém public city orientation, Pará, Brazil. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
T
Southwestern Amazonia
Teotônio (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Teotônio's layered sequence combines changing food practices, soils, ceramics and a river setting. Different forms of gathering, tending and cultivation need not become a simple ladder from foraging to farming.
Long occupation and plant-management context
Early Holocene through later precolonial phases; approximately 9000 years of archaeological history in the site studies
Archaeobotany, starch and phytolith analysis, stratigraphy, hearth dating and ceramic spatial research.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Porto Velho public city orientation, Rondônia, Brazil. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
U
Upper Amazonian foothills
Sangay / Kilamope / Upano Valley (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Platforms, plazas, paths and agricultural works reveal varied foothill landscapes. Recent mapping builds on earlier excavations and local knowledge rather than discovering an empty valley.
Foothill settlement and connected landscape context
Broadly approximately 500 BCE-600 CE for the recent network interpretation; later Huapula phases separate
Lidar, excavation, architectural survey, dated ceramics and institutional soil-research records.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Macas public town orientation, Ecuador. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
U
Southern Amazonian rim
Upper Tapajós Basin (site or scholarly name, not an established ancient self-designation)
Ditches, built spaces and connecting landscapes broaden the archaeological picture of the southern Amazonian rim. Field verification and laboratory work remain essential alongside remote sensing.
Settlement survey and demographic-model context
Mainly approximately 1250-1500 CE in the 2018 survey interpretation; surveyed sites need separate dates
Satellite interpretation, ground survey, excavation and dating, settlement models and plant microremains.
- Localidade, instituição ou contexto arqueológico de referência
- Alta Floresta public regional-town orientation, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, customary or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art or sacred-site location, private earthwork, Indigenous village or contact point for isolated peoples; no access or collecting permission is implied.
- Família linguística
- No secure assignment from this evidence
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