A
Eastern Mediterranean coast
Atlit Yam
Submerged architecture, wells, burials, plants, animals, fishing equipment, and artifacts preserve coastal household life and environmental change.
Submerged Neolithic settlement, household, subsistence, burial, and environmental context
Approximately 7000-6000 BCE
Underwater survey, architecture, wells, burials, artifacts, fauna, plants, sediments, and radiocarbon dating
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Atlit Yam underwater site; a protected archaeological point, not a submerged territorial boundary
- Família linguística
- Not recoverable from underwater archaeology
B
Bekaa Valley
Baalbek / Heliopolis
Temples, quarries, inscriptions, town remains, roads, pilgrimage, and the agricultural plain reveal labor and religious transformation across empires.
Religious-landscape, monumental, quarrying, labor, pilgrimage, Roman imperial, and late-antique context
Approximately 1000 BCE-700 CE
Temple and town archaeology, quarries, inscriptions, architecture, artifacts, landscape study, and attributed texts
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Baalbek temple and urban complex; a religious-landscape reference, not a sacred, ethnic, or territorial boundary
- Família linguística
- Semitic, Hellenic, and Italic evidence; cult, language, residence, and ancestry remain distinct
B
Central Lebanese coast
Byblos / Jbeil
Neolithic settlement, Bronze Age temples, harbor connections, inscriptions, fortifications, Roman buildings, and later urban layers reveal repeated transformation.
Long-duration coastal settlement, urban, religious, inscriptional, and maritime-network context
Approximately 7000 BCE-700 CE
Stratigraphy, architecture, harbor landscape, burials, artifacts, inscriptions, environmental evidence, and attributed texts
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Byblos archaeological site; one coastal urban reference, not a timeless Phoenician capital
- Família linguística
- Multiple language contexts; script, language, citizenship, and ancestry remain distinct
C
Central Mediterranean coast
Caesarea Maritima
Harbor engineering, neighborhoods, inscriptions, religious buildings, entertainment complexes, burials, and environmental evidence reveal an unequal coastal city.
Herodian, Roman provincial, harbor, civic, religious, labor, and late-antique urban context
Approximately 30 BCE-700 CE
Harbor and urban archaeology, inscriptions, architecture, artifacts, burials, environmental evidence, and critically attributed texts
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Caesarea archaeological park and submerged harbor; one urban orientation, not a territorial or religious boundary
- Família linguística
- Hellenic, Italic, and Semitic evidence; inscriptional language is not a complete population census
D
Middle Euphrates
Dura-Europos
Fortifications, houses, temples, synagogue paintings, a Christian meeting building, inscriptions, military records, and textiles reveal a frontier city's unequal diversity.
Hellenistic, Parthian, Roman frontier, household, military, religious-diversity, and conflict-damaged heritage context
Approximately 300 BCE-300 CE
Urban archaeology, architecture, wall paintings, inscriptions, papyri, textiles, military equipment, burials, and attributed texts
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Dura-Europos archaeological site; a frontier-city reference, not a fixed civilizational, religious, or sovereignty boundary
- Família linguística
- Hellenic, Semitic, Italic, and Iranian evidence; writing does not assign every resident one identity
E
Upper Jordan Valley and Hula basin
Eynan / ‘Ain Mallaha
Architecture, burials, tools, fauna, plant use, and repeated rebuilding illuminate increasingly settled lifeways before full farming economies.
Epipalaeolithic settlement, burial, household, subsistence, and archaeological-classification context
Approximately 12,500-9,600 BCE
Architecture, burials, lithics, ground stone, fauna, plant evidence, stratigraphy, and radiocarbon dating
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Eynan/Ain Mallaha; a settlement research context, not a Natufian capital or ethnic center
- Família linguística
- Not recoverable from Natufian material classification
G
Northern Jordan uplands
Gerasa / Jerash
Streets, houses, workshops, inscriptions, sanctuaries, churches, water systems, and surrounding farms reveal changing urban and rural communities.
Hellenistic, Roman provincial, civic, religious, household, labor, and late-antique urban context
Approximately 300 BCE-700 CE
Urban and landscape archaeology, architecture, inscriptions, artifacts, burials, environmental evidence, and attributed texts
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Jerash archaeological city; an urban reference, not a Decapolis political or ethnic boundary
- Família linguística
- Hellenic, Italic, and Semitic contexts; language and civic status are distinct
J
Central hill country
Jerusalem / al-Quds / Yerushalayim
Settlement archaeology, water systems, architecture, inscriptions, burials, manuscripts, and sacred traditions document repeated urban and political transformation.
Multi-period urban, political, sacred-landscape, textual, imperial, and contested-heritage context
Approximately 3000 BCE-700 CE
Stratigraphy, architecture, water systems, inscriptions, artifacts, burials, manuscripts, and critically attributed sacred and historical texts
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Old City and adjacent archaeological landscape as a neutral orientation point; not a sovereignty, ownership, or sacred-boundary claim
- Família linguística
- Multiple Semitic, Hellenic, and Italic contexts; language, religion, residence, law, and ancestry remain distinct
M
Mount Carmel and Mediterranean coastal plain
Nahal Me’arot / Wadi el-Mughara
A long cave-and-terrace sequence preserves changing technologies, environments, human remains, burials, and settlement practices across hundreds of millennia.
Palaeolithic-to-Epipalaeolithic cave, human-remains, technological, burial, and settlement context
Approximately 500,000-12,000 years ago
Stratigraphy, lithics, fauna, sediments, human remains, burials, architecture, environmental analysis, and multiple dating methods
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Nahal Me’arot/Wadi el-Mughara caves; a serial research landscape, not an origin or ancestry marker
- Família linguística
- Not recoverable from Palaeolithic archaeology
O
Sea of Galilee shoreline
Ohalo II
Brush huts, hearths, plant remains, fish, animals, tools, and fibers preserve unusually detailed evidence for shoreline life during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Upper Palaeolithic shoreline settlement, subsistence, household, and preservation context
Approximately 23,000 years ago
Waterlogged architecture, plant remains, fauna, fish, tools, fibers, spatial analysis, and radiocarbon dating
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Ohalo II submerged shoreline site; an archaeological reference, not an origin or ancestry marker
- Família linguística
- Not recoverable from settlement remains
P
Syrian desert oasis
Tadmor / Palmyra
Oasis settlement, inscriptions, temples, houses, tombs, caravan evidence, and textiles reveal multilingual urban life and desert connections.
Oasis, caravan-network, urban, inscriptional, religious, labor, imperial, and conflict-damaged heritage context
Approximately 2000 BCE-700 CE
Urban and landscape archaeology, inscriptions, architecture, burials, textiles, artifacts, environmental evidence, and attributed texts
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Palmyra/Tadmor archaeological site; an oasis orientation, not a trade-route, ethnic, or sovereignty boundary
- Família linguística
- Semitic, Hellenic, and Italic evidence; multilingualism does not map one ethnicity
P
Edom highlands and Wadi Musa
Petra / Raqmu
Rock-cut monuments, water systems, houses, inscriptions, workshops, farms, religious spaces, and routes reveal an internally diverse regional center.
Nabataean urban, hydraulic, political, religious, labor, and exchange-network context
Approximately 400 BCE-700 CE
Urban and landscape archaeology, water systems, inscriptions, architecture, houses, burials, artifacts, agriculture, and attributed texts
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Petra archaeological landscape; a regional center, not a fixed ethnic, trade-route, or sovereignty boundary
- Família linguística
- Semitic, Hellenic, and Italic evidence; script and language do not assign every resident one identity
Q
Lower Galilee uplands
Qafzeh Cave
Cave deposits preserve stone tools, fauna, pigments, and early Homo sapiens remains important to debates about mobility and behavior in southwest Asia.
Middle Palaeolithic cave, human-remains, burial, technological, and mobility context
Primarily approximately 120,000-90,000 years ago
Stratigraphy, human remains, lithics, fauna, ochre, burial contexts, dating, and comparative palaeoanthropology
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Qafzeh Cave; a protected research context, not a modern identity or migration boundary
- Família linguística
- Not recoverable from Middle Palaeolithic evidence
Q
Northwestern Dead Sea shore
Khirbet Qumran
Settlement remains, caves, manuscripts, pottery, coins, burials, and environmental evidence illuminate textual production, collection, deposition, and community debates.
Second Temple-period settlement, manuscript, burial, religious-diversity, custody, and interpretation context
Approximately 150 BCE-100 CE
Settlement and cave archaeology, manuscripts, palaeography, radiocarbon dating, pottery, coins, burials, environmental evidence, and attributed texts
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Khirbet Qumran and nearby caves; an archaeological orientation, not a sectarian, territorial, or ownership boundary
- Família linguística
- Semitic and Hellenic evidence; manuscript language does not establish every copyist's or resident's identity
S
Central highlands
Samaria / Sebaste / Sabastiya
Hilltop settlement, royal architecture, inscriptions, pottery, burials, Roman urban remains, and texts reveal changing political and community affiliations.
Iron Age royal-center, provincial, Hellenistic, Roman urban, and identity-terminology context
Approximately 900 BCE-700 CE
Architecture, stratigraphy, inscriptions, pottery, burials, coins, urban remains, and critically attributed texts
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Sebastia archaeological landscape; not a timeless ethnic capital, sacred boundary, or sovereignty claim
- Família linguística
- Semitic, Hellenic, and Italic evidence; language does not establish one identity or descent
T
Lower Jordan Valley
Teleilat Ghassul
Buildings, wall paintings, pottery, tools, production, and regional exchange illuminate changing Chalcolithic households and communal practices.
Chalcolithic settlement, household, craft, painting, and archaeological-classification context
Approximately 4500-3600 BCE
Architecture, stratigraphy, wall paintings, pottery, lithics, metallurgy, fauna, plants, and dating
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Teleilat Ghassul; a research site, not the capital or boundary of a Ghassulian people
- Família linguística
- Not recoverable from pottery or painting styles
T
Lower Jordan Valley oasis
Tell es-Sultan / Ancient Jericho
Deep stratigraphy, spring water, architecture, burials, and changing settlement plans document early communal life and later Bronze Age urbanization.
Neolithic settlement, water, communal-labor, burial, and Bronze Age urban context
Approximately 10,500-1500 BCE
Deep stratigraphy, architecture, spring landscape, burials, artifacts, environmental evidence, and radiocarbon dating
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Tell es-Sultan and ‘Ain es-Sultan spring; a protected archaeological park, not a modern territorial claim
- Família linguística
- Cannot be assigned across the site's full sequence
T
Southern Lebanese coast
Ṣūr / Tyre
Island and mainland archaeology, harbors, production, inscriptions, burials, and later monumental remains reveal a changing Mediterranean city.
Phoenician, maritime, urban, colonial-encounter, Roman, and late-antique context
Approximately 3000 BCE-700 CE
Urban and harbor archaeology, environmental study, production debris, inscriptions, burials, architecture, and attributed texts
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Tyre island-mainland archaeological property; not a boundary or center for every Phoenician-speaking community
- Família linguística
- Semitic, Hellenic, and Italic evidence; language does not determine biological identity
U
Hauran basalt plain
Umm Al-Jimāl
Basalt houses, reused military buildings, inscriptions, water systems, agriculture, herding, churches, and mosques illuminate rural life through imperial transitions.
Nabataean-associated, Roman, Byzantine, early Islamic, rural-settlement, water, labor, and multilingual context
Approximately 100-750 CE
Settlement and landscape archaeology, architecture, water systems, inscriptions, artifacts, agriculture, burials, and conservation records
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- Umm Al-Jimāl World Heritage property; a rural orientation point, not an ethnic, religious, or frontier boundary
- Família linguística
- Hellenic, Semitic, and Italic evidence; inscriptions do not identify every resident
‘
Amman-Zarqa uplands
‘Ain Ghazal
Architecture, burials, statues, animal and plant remains, craft, and disposal areas illuminate household and communal change near a major spring.
Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic settlement, household, ritual, labor, and subsistence context
Approximately 7200-5000 BCE
Architecture, stratigraphy, burials, plaster statues, fauna, plants, tools, craft debris, and radiocarbon dating
- Yascimento de referência ou contexto arqueológico
- ‘Ain Ghazal archaeological site; a settlement reference, not a religious or ethnic capital
- Família linguística
- Not recoverable from Neolithic material evidence
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