Genome-wide and uniparental data from 26 individuals dated to 580–720 CE provide a moderate-size window into Middle Avar population composition at Rákóczifalva. Y-chromosome diversity is notable: J (4), I (2), E (1), CT (1), and A (1) are recorded among the sampled males. Mitochondrial diversity includes J (3), D (3), T (2), K (1), and H (1). This combination reflects a mosaic of ancestries—local European maternal and paternal lineages alongside markers associated with more easterly connections (mtDNA D and Y-haplogroup A), consistent with limited east–west gene flow.
Archaeological context suggests these genetic patterns are the result of admixture between steppe-derived migrants and local Carpathian Basin populations. The presence of East Eurasian-associated mtDNA (D) in multiple individuals strengthens the interpretation that some eastern maternal ancestry was incorporated into local communities. Paternal diversity, including typically West Eurasian J and I, alongside rarer lineages, points to complex social processes—male-mediated movement, exogamy, and localized integration.
Caveats: while 26 genomes are informative, several haplogroups occur at low counts. Where sample sizes for a lineage are under ten individuals, conclusions about population-wide frequencies remain provisional. Broader sampling across sites and time intervals is required to model admixture proportions and temporal dynamics precisely.
