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A man buried in Albania in the Bronze Age to Iron Age era
Sample ID: I14688
Era: Bronze Age to Iron Age
Culture: The Transition to Iron Age in AlbaniaDate: 600 BCE - 400 BCE
Estimated Biological Sex: Male
MTDNA: T2b
YDNA:
Country: Albania
Locality: Çinamak (Norteastern. Kukes District)
The Transition to Iron Age in Albania marked a significant shift in the cultural, geographical, and historical landscape of the region. During this period, which spanned from approximately 1200-700 BCE, Albania underwent profound changes as the use of iron tools and weapons became prevalent, replacing the earlier use of bronze.
The culture of the Transition to Iron Age in Albania was characterized by a mix of indigenous traditions and influences from neighboring civilizations, particularly the Illyrians to the north and the Greeks to the south. The emergence of iron technology allowed for greater agricultural productivity, leading to the development of more complex societies and the rise of fortified hilltop settlements known as \oppida". These settlements served as political and economic hubs, as well as centers for religious and social activities.
Geographically, Albania during the Transition to Iron Age was situated in a strategic location at the crossroads of several major trade routes connecting the Mediterranean world to the rest of Europe. This position made it a melting pot of different cultures and ideas, contributing to the development of a unique cultural identity that blended elements from various sources.
The Transition to Iron Age in Albania also saw the emergence of distinct regional variations in material culture, reflecting the diversity of local societies and their interactions with outside influences. Artifacts such as pottery, metalwork, and jewelry from this period exhibit intricate designs and intricate craftsmanship, showcasing the skill and creativity of the ancient Albanian craftsmen.
Overall, the Transition to Iron Age in Albania was a time of rapid change and innovation, as the adoption of iron technology revolutionized the way people lived, worked, and interacted with one another. This era laid the foundation for the future development of Albanian culture and society, shaping the region's identity and history for centuries to come."
Reference
The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and EuropeBy sequencing 727 ancient individuals from the Southern Arc (Anatolia and its neighbors in Southeastern Europe and West Asia) over 10,000 years, we contextualize its Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age (about 5000 to 1000 BCE), when extensive gene flow entangled it with the Eurasian steppe. Two streams of migration transmitted Caucasus and Anatolian/Levantine ancestry northward, and the Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe, then spread southward into the Balkans and across the Caucasus into Armenia, where they left numerous patrilineal descendants. Anatolia was transformed by intra-West Asian gene flow, with negligible impact of the later Yamnaya migrations. This contrasts with all other regions where Indo-European languages were spoken, suggesting that the homeland of the Indo-Anatolian language family was in West Asia, with only secondary dispersals of non-Anatolian Indo-Europeans from the steppe.
Farmers and Hunter-Gatherers
This is the ancient world profile of this sample
Neolithic Farmers
10000 BCE - 2000 BCE
Neolithic farmers transformed human societies by abandoning nomadic lifestyles to plant crops, domesticate animals, and build settled communities. Their agricultural innovations dramatically changed human relationships with the environment and fueled the growth of more complex societies. The legacy of Neolithic farmers continues to shape the world today.
European Hunter-Gatherers
40000 BCE - 4000 BCE
European hunter-gatherers were resilient and adaptable communities who thrived for thousands of years, utilizing diverse hunting and foraging strategies and leaving a legacy of artistic expression. Their way of life gradually declined as agriculture spread, but their genetic heritage and cultural influence are still present in modern Europe. Despite being absorbed into farming societies, the legacy of their resourcefulness and connection with the land shapes our understanding of early European history.
Western Steppe Pastoralists
3500 BCE - 1000 BCE
Western Steppe Pastoralists were nomadic people who thrived on the vast Eurasian grasslands, mastering horse domestication and facilitating trade between distant cultures. Their legacy is most evident in the spread of Indo-European languages and their profound impact on ancient warfare and transportation. These dynamic communities played a crucial role in shaping the cultural and technological landscape of Eurasia.
Genetically Closest Modern Populations
These are the genetically closest modern populations for this sample.
Fit Population 1.93 Italian Umbria 2.07 Italian Tuscany 2.12 Italian Marche 2.21 Italian Lazio 2.48 Italian Emilia 2.56 Sicilian West 2.58 French Corsica 2.64 Italian Abruzzo 2.81 Italian Molise 3.01 Italian Piedmont 3.07 Italian Apulia 3.14 Italian Lombardy 3.15 Greek Thessaly 3.25 Swiss Italian 3.26 Italian Liguria 3.27 Sicilian East 3.30 Italian Basilicata 3.42 Greek East Taygetos 3.44 Italian Campania 3.53 Greek Apulia 3.55 Greek Achaea 3.55 Greek Messenia 3.57 Greek North Tsakonia 3.58 Greek Laconia 3.60 Greek Elis 3.62 Greek Argolis 3.62 Greek Arcadia 3.64 Ukrainian Zhytomyr O 3.66 Greek West Taygetos 3.67 Greek Peloponnese 3.68 Greek Corinthia 3.71 Italian Bergamo 3.72 Greek South Tsakonia 3.75 Greek Izmir 3.85 Italian Calabria 3.88 Greek Cyclades Milos 3.95 Maltese 3.99 Ashkenazi Ukraine 3.99 Greek Central Macedonia 4.05 Belmonte Jew 4.07 Greek Macedonia 4.07 Ashkenazi Belarussia 4.08 Greek Cyclades Kea 4.10 Italian Veneto 4.10 Albanian 4.13 Ashkenazi Russia 4.15 Ashkenazi Romania 4.20 Ashkenazi Poland 4.21 Greek Deep Mani 13.74 Ukrainian Zhytomyr 56.10 Tu 61.78 Li G25 Coordinates
The G25 coordinates for this sample are the following. You can analyze his admixture using G25 Studio.
I14688,0.10818624,0.14421764,0.0085587,-0.02681038,0.02499052,-0.00837748,-0.00071632,-0.00189812,0.00844196,0.02890434,-0.00438574,0.00841812,-0.01440316,-0.0041806,-0.0010652,-0.00261008,-0.00191238,-0.00140706,0.0011273,-0.0015741,0.00176014,0.00431394,-0.00544208,-0.0059229,0.00138057