A man buried in Albania in the Bronze Age to Iron Age era

    I14688

  • A man buried in Albania in the Bronze Age to Iron Age era

    Sample ID: I14688

    Era: Bronze Age to Iron Age
    Culture: The Transition to Iron Age in Albania

    Date: 600 BCE - 400 BCE

    Estimated Biological Sex: Male

    MTDNA: T2b

    YDNA:

    Country: Albania

    Locality: Çinamak (Norteastern. Kukes District)

    The Transition to Iron Age in Albania marked a significant shift in the cultural, geographical, and historical landscape of the region. During this period, which spanned from approximately 1200-700 BCE, Albania underwent profound changes as the use of iron tools and weapons became prevalent, replacing the earlier use of bronze.

    The culture of the Transition to Iron Age in Albania was characterized by a mix of indigenous traditions and influences from neighboring civilizations, particularly the Illyrians to the north and the Greeks to the south. The emergence of iron technology allowed for greater agricultural productivity, leading to the development of more complex societies and the rise of fortified hilltop settlements known as \oppida". These settlements served as political and economic hubs, as well as centers for religious and social activities.

    Geographically, Albania during the Transition to Iron Age was situated in a strategic location at the crossroads of several major trade routes connecting the Mediterranean world to the rest of Europe. This position made it a melting pot of different cultures and ideas, contributing to the development of a unique cultural identity that blended elements from various sources.

    The Transition to Iron Age in Albania also saw the emergence of distinct regional variations in material culture, reflecting the diversity of local societies and their interactions with outside influences. Artifacts such as pottery, metalwork, and jewelry from this period exhibit intricate designs and intricate craftsmanship, showcasing the skill and creativity of the ancient Albanian craftsmen.

    Overall, the Transition to Iron Age in Albania was a time of rapid change and innovation, as the adoption of iron technology revolutionized the way people lived, worked, and interacted with one another. This era laid the foundation for the future development of Albanian culture and society, shaping the region's identity and history for centuries to come."

    Reference

    The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe

    By sequencing 727 ancient individuals from the Southern Arc (Anatolia and its neighbors in Southeastern Europe and West Asia) over 10,000 years, we contextualize its Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age (about 5000 to 1000 BCE), when extensive gene flow entangled it with the Eurasian steppe. Two streams of migration transmitted Caucasus and Anatolian/Levantine ancestry northward, and the Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe, then spread southward into the Balkans and across the Caucasus into Armenia, where they left numerous patrilineal descendants. Anatolia was transformed by intra-West Asian gene flow, with negligible impact of the later Yamnaya migrations. This contrasts with all other regions where Indo-European languages were spoken, suggesting that the homeland of the Indo-Anatolian language family was in West Asia, with only secondary dispersals of non-Anatolian Indo-Europeans from the steppe.

    Modern Genetic Profile

    This is the modern genetic profile of this sample
    Europe
    86.86%
    Southern European
    77.59%
    Italian 44.35%
    Balkan 22.85%
    Iberian 7.25%
    Sardinian 3.14%
    Northwestern European
    9.27%
    English 9.27%
    Asia
    12.93%
    Northern West Asian
    10.37%
    Mesopotamian 10.37%
    Arab, Egyptian & Levantine
    2.56%
    Levantine 2.56%
    Oceania
    0.22%
    Melanesian
    0.22%
    Papuan 0.22%

    Please note that the areas represented on this map are not intended to accurately represent the full extent of any ancestry region.

    Farmers and Hunter-Gatherers

    This is the ancient world profile of this sample
    50%
    Neolithic Farmers

    Neolithic Farmers

    10000 BCE - 2000 BCE

    Neolithic farmers transformed human societies by abandoning nomadic lifestyles to plant crops, domesticate animals, and build settled communities. Their agricultural innovations dramatically changed human relationships with the environment and fueled the growth of more complex societies. The legacy of Neolithic farmers continues to shape the world today.


    30%
    European Hunter-Gatherers

    European Hunter-Gatherers

    40000 BCE - 4000 BCE

    European hunter-gatherers were resilient and adaptable communities who thrived for thousands of years, utilizing diverse hunting and foraging strategies and leaving a legacy of artistic expression. Their way of life gradually declined as agriculture spread, but their genetic heritage and cultural influence are still present in modern Europe. Despite being absorbed into farming societies, the legacy of their resourcefulness and connection with the land shapes our understanding of early European history.


    19%
    Western Steppe Pastoralists

    Western Steppe Pastoralists

    3500 BCE - 1000 BCE

    Western Steppe Pastoralists were nomadic people who thrived on the vast Eurasian grasslands, mastering horse domestication and facilitating trade between distant cultures. Their legacy is most evident in the spread of Indo-European languages and their profound impact on ancient warfare and transportation. These dynamic communities played a crucial role in shaping the cultural and technological landscape of Eurasia.


    Genetically Closest Modern Populations

    These are the genetically closest modern populations for this sample.
    Fit Population
    1.93 Italian Umbria
    2.07 Italian Tuscany
    2.12 Italian Marche
    2.21 Italian Lazio
    2.48 Italian Emilia
    2.56 Sicilian West
    2.58 French Corsica
    2.64 Italian Abruzzo
    2.81 Italian Molise
    3.01 Italian Piedmont
    3.07 Italian Apulia
    3.14 Italian Lombardy
    3.15 Greek Thessaly
    3.25 Swiss Italian
    3.26 Italian Liguria
    3.27 Sicilian East
    3.30 Italian Basilicata
    3.42 Greek East Taygetos
    3.44 Italian Campania
    3.53 Greek Apulia
    3.55 Greek Achaea
    3.55 Greek Messenia
    3.57 Greek North Tsakonia
    3.58 Greek Laconia
    3.60 Greek Elis
    3.62 Greek Argolis
    3.62 Greek Arcadia
    3.64 Ukrainian Zhytomyr O
    3.66 Greek West Taygetos
    3.67 Greek Peloponnese
    3.68 Greek Corinthia
    3.71 Italian Bergamo
    3.72 Greek South Tsakonia
    3.75 Greek Izmir
    3.85 Italian Calabria
    3.88 Greek Cyclades Milos
    3.95 Maltese
    3.99 Ashkenazi Ukraine
    3.99 Greek Central Macedonia
    4.05 Belmonte Jew
    4.07 Greek Macedonia
    4.07 Ashkenazi Belarussia
    4.08 Greek Cyclades Kea
    4.10 Italian Veneto
    4.10 Albanian
    4.13 Ashkenazi Russia
    4.15 Ashkenazi Romania
    4.20 Ashkenazi Poland
    4.21 Greek Deep Mani
    13.74 Ukrainian Zhytomyr
    56.10 Tu
    61.78 Li

    G25 Coordinates

    The G25 coordinates for this sample are the following. You can analyze his admixture using G25 Studio.

    I14688,0.10818624,0.14421764,0.0085587,-0.02681038,0.02499052,-0.00837748,-0.00071632,-0.00189812,0.00844196,0.02890434,-0.00438574,0.00841812,-0.01440316,-0.0041806,-0.0010652,-0.00261008,-0.00191238,-0.00140706,0.0011273,-0.0015741,0.00176014,0.00431394,-0.00544208,-0.0059229,0.00138057

    Analyze it in G25 Studio
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