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Sweden’s broad pre-Roman centuries before the Common Era—captured here by the **Sweden N** phase—reflect communities operating within a forested, water-rich environment. Archaeological evidence indicates sustained local lifeways and evolving material traditions that culminated in the transition toward the Roman period.

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N individual, Frälsegården, Sweden (3,350-2,900 BCE)

FRA038.SG

In Hungary’s Middle Neolithic (about 5500–5000 BCE), the **Alföld Linear Pottery** tradition reflects settled farming villages within the broader European Neolithic. Archaeological remains—especially ceramics and stone toolkits—show durable household practices and regional styles across the Carpathian Basin.

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MN AVK-o HG1 individual, Polgár-Ferenci-hát (Hajdú-Bihar County, Hajdúnánás), Hungary (5,467-5,219 BCE)

I21898.AG

In the western Netherlands during the later Neolithic, communities associated with the Vlaardingen tradition lived in a low, watery landscape of river channels and coastal wetlands. Their material culture is notable for corded-ware pottery styles and for the everyday toolkits that supported mixed subsistence in these challenging environments.

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LNA Corded Ware Vlaardingen individual, Sijbekarspel de Veken (Noord-Holland, Medemblik), Netherlands (2,585-2,457 BCE)

I33741.TW

In southern France, communities during the later Neolithic organized their lives around farming and increasingly visible monument landscapes. The “Occitanie–Gard–AvendelaBoucle” phase highlights how local traditions expressed social identity through durable material culture and mortuary practice.

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Occitanie Gard Avendela Boucle N individual, Aven de la Boucle (Occitanie Region, Gard Department, Corconne), France (3,522-3,362 BCE)

BOU20.SG

Around **4000–3600 BCE**, communities associated with the **Bodrogkeresztur** culture occupied parts of the Carpathian Basin, including areas of **Hungary**. In a landscape of river systems and productive soils, agriculture and household craft were central, with distinctive ceramics and material traditions reflecting shared cultural practice.

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Bodrogkeresztur individual, Urziceni, Romania (4,500-3,500 BCE)

I14158.AG

Early Neolithic communities in the *Western Mediterranean* of Iberia produced the distinctive *Cardial Ware* pottery style between about 6400 and 5500 BCE. This horizon reflects the spread of farming lifeways and coastal-connected exchange within the early Neolithic world.

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EN Cardial individual, Gruta do Caldeirão (Santarém, Tomar), Portugal (5,306-5,063 BCE)

NEO631.SG

This Late Mesolithic phase (Swifterbant “o”) represents continued foraging lifeways in the Dutch lowlands, emphasizing repeated use of wetland and riverine landscapes. Archaeological patterns point to task-oriented tool production and seasonal subsistence.

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EN Late Mesolithic Swifterbant-o individual, Het Klooster (Utrecht, Nieuwegein), Netherlands (4,802-4,690 BCE)

I12091.AG.TW

In Chalcolithic Iberia, communities associated with the **Los Millares** tradition developed settled farming and craft production across parts of Spain. From about 3200–2200 BCE, archaeological evidence points to growing social complexity, intensified land use, and distinctive styles of material culture.

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Spain C individual, San Nicolás (Murcia), Spain (4,046-3,354 BCE)

I19651.AG

The Swifterbant horizon in the Late Mesolithic reflects forager communities in the Netherlands making repeated use of wetland-rich landscapes. Their material culture and site patterns highlight fishing and hunting strategies alongside increasing emphasis on long-term place use.

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EN Late Mesolithic Swifterbant individual, Het Klooster (Utrecht, Nieuwegein), Netherlands (4,974-4,626 BCE)

I17968.AG.TW

Late Copper Age developments in Hungary culminated in material patterns associated with the Proto-Boleráz horizon. Situated within broader Baden Complex contexts, these assemblages reflect changing local practices in ceramics, settlement organization, and later exchange networks across the 4th millennium BCE.

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Late C Protoboleraz individual, Abony. Turjányos-dűlő, Hungary (3,910-3,644 BCE)

I2788.AG

In France during the Middle Neolithic, farming communities expanded and stabilized in many parts of the country, building long-term settlement patterns tied to agriculture and animal husbandry. Their material culture—ceramics, polished stone tools, and distinctive regional styles—shows both local developments and participation in broader Neolithic networks.

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Grand Est Bas Rhin MN-o individual, Bas-Rhin. Obernai, France (4,691-4,496 BCE)

OBN003.AG

Scottish Neolithic (4000–2200 BCE) marks the long-term establishment of farming communities in a variety of habitats across Scotland. Monumental architecture and everyday pottery, along with polished stone tools and new farming technologies, show how people reorganized landscapes and built enduring social identities.

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Scotland N-olow EEF individual, Scotland. Argyll and Bute. Oban. Carding Mill Bay II, United Kingdom (3,647-3,533 BCE)

I12314.AG