Northern Andean Worlds: Highlands, Valleys, and Pacific Connections - Interactive Historical Atlas

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Northern Andean Worlds: Highlands, Valleys, and Pacific Connections

Shelter archives, farming villages, craft landscapes, and living heritage across Colombia and Ecuador.

Explore twenty selective Northern Andean contexts, from reassessed early shelter evidence to villages, wetland craft, monumental landscapes and Cañari–Inka encounters. Archaeological classifications, languages, political communities and living identities remain distinct.

20
profiles in this release
6
regional contexts
1
language families
Interactive collection

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Showing all 20 profiles

Point markers show approximate public towns or distant institutional orientation only, sometimes far from the archaeological context. They never define territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, trade-route, hunting, grazing, farming, fishing or water-rights boundaries. They do not pinpoint burials, ancestral remains, sacred places, private land or vulnerable deposits; grant no access, digging, collecting, hunting or travel permission; and do not decide ownership or current safety. Shared orientation points are intentional, not multiple sites at one coordinate.

Eastern Cordillera contexts (orientation only)

Aguazuque: open-air households, food work, and environmental evidence

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

The monograph examines gathering, hunting and proposed plant cultivation rather than a simple ladder from foragers to one civilization. The 1986 investigation established a preliminary stratigraphic and site record; later synthesis did not make every interpretation certain.

Open-air settlement and subsistence-evidence context Middle and later Holocene preceramic contexts; individual sample dates and cultivation claims qualified Stratified activity evidence, stone tools, plant microremains and environmental proxies
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Soacha, Cundinamarca, Colombia (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Cauca and Upper Magdalena contexts (orientation only)

Calima: regional sequences, food work, and material comparisons

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

Museo del Oro Calima presents distinct agricultural and ceramic contexts alongside earlier foraging evidence rather than one uniform ancient society. INCIVA describes multidisciplinary investigations and botanical laboratories, broadening evidence beyond metal objects.

Regional sequence and archaeological-museum context Precolonial regional sequences, including Ilama, Yotoco and Sonso comparisons; dates differ by context Settlement and ceramic research, craft evidence, botanical work and curated reference collections
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Ecuadorian highland contexts (orientation only)

Cerro Narrío: highland materials, collections, and local heritage

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

Collier and Murra's regional report documents excavation and ceramic comparison; older terminology needs separation from current identity categories. The Mancomunidad's public account presents structures and materials within a living local landscape; its broad labels are not an exact archaeological chronology.

Highland sequence and provenance-limits context Formative and later precolonial sequences; older typological chronologies and reuse qualified Excavated pottery and other materials, early field records and attributed museum catalogues
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Ecuadorian highland and western-foothill contexts (orientation only)

Cochasquí: mounds, community scale, and interpretation limits

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

The park presents major construction within a later precolonial range; this does not date every mound or establish one building campaign. The compiled excavation studies provide an accountable research history distinct from modern storytelling and visitor reconstructions.

Mound landscape and political-scale context Later precolonial phases; major mound construction broadly thirteenth–sixteenth centuries CE in public interpretation Earthen platforms, ramped architecture, ceramic comparisons and excavation studies
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Cayambe, Pichincha, Ecuador (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Ecuadorian highland contexts (orientation only)

Cotocollao: Formative households and archaeological naming

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

Porras's 1982 monograph explicitly studies a Cotocollao archaeological phase; scholarly naming is distinct from an ancient self-designation. Villalba's monograph organizes evidence around a Formative settlement, materials and production rather than only royal monuments.

Highland village and archaeological-classification context Formative highland sequence, broadly second–first millennia BCE; phase ranges vary by study Settlement excavation, ceramics, productive activities and historical research reports
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Eastern Cordillera contexts (orientation only)

El Abra: rockshelter evidence and revised chronology

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

The 1977 report relates shelter materials to environmental and technological questions rather than a single named ancient nation. The later collections study questions some classifications and stratigraphic associations; an old age for sediment does not by itself date human activity.

Rockshelter sequence and chronological-reassessment context Proposed terminal Pleistocene and Holocene sequences; earliest artifact associations disputed Stone assemblages, sediment stratigraphy, excavation archives and collections reanalysis
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Zipaquirá, Cundinamarca, Colombia (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Pacific landscape contexts (orientation only)

Hojas-Jaboncillo: Manteño built landscapes and household work

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

INPC describes terraces, water-related structures and grouped buildings, making ordinary labor part of the landscape's history. The survey interprets spatial organization and construction choices while acknowledging limits to reconstructing the whole settlement.

Built hillside settlement and community-scale context Late precolonial coastal settlement; earlier material and later reception distinguished Platforms, terraces, water-management features, domestic materials and project field records
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Ecuadorian highland and western-foothill contexts (orientation only)

Ingapirca: Cañari–Inka encounters and living heritage

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

INPC distinguishes Cañari and Inka material and architectural contexts; political change is not evidence that every earlier resident disappeared. The conservation study records how past interventions and environmental processes affected the monument, complicating readings of visible fabric.

Layered civic-religious site and imperial-encounter context Earlier local contexts and late fifteenth–sixteenth century imperial transformation; later conservation separate Stone architecture, earlier local contexts, archaeological materials and conservation studies
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Pacific and eastern-foothill contexts (orientation only)

Loma Alta: plant-food evidence and returning collections

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

The residue study identifies maize in selected cooking and grinding contexts, while discussing the limits of direct dating and sample association. Architectural comparisons concern sampled domestic work, not an exact census or a uniform village plan everywhere.

Plant-food, household, and collection-history context Early Formative and later contexts; studied maize evidence approximately 5,300–4,960 calibrated BP Starch residues, grinding tools, cooking vessels, domestic architecture and curated excavation materials
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Santa Elena, Santa Elena, Ecuador (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Cauca and Upper Magdalena contexts (orientation only)

Malagana: community evidence and the damage of context loss

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

The 1994 project report distinguishes several possible periods rather than assigning every object to one event. The investigators describe damage caused by looting; attractive collections cannot recover all lost associations.

Settlement research and looting-history context Several precolonial occupations; prominent early first-millennium CE contexts and broader phases distinguished Salvage excavation, ceramics, regional comparison and damaged field contexts
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Ecuadorian highland and western-foothill contexts (orientation only)

Pambamarca: fortified landscapes and contested imperial encounters

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

The INPC guide treats several fortified contexts together rather than one site or unquestioned capital. The project describes work with local partners and laboratory research; planned field activities are not automatically completed findings.

Fortified landscape and imperial-encounter context Late precolonial period through early colonial transformation; fort-specific chronology varies Fortification and settlement features, material comparisons, landscape survey and conservation research
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Cayambe, Pichincha, Ecuador (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Pacific and eastern-foothill contexts (orientation only)

Real Alto: Valdivia village work and ceramic diversity

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

Damp interprets household activity areas and village organization; social reconstructions remain models rather than direct records of every resident. The San Pedro study uses residue dating and contextual comparison to distinguish ceramic evidence without inventing a new ethnic population.

Coastal village and ceramic-sequence context Fourth–second millennia BCE, broadly; legacy uncalibrated and newer calibrated chronologies distinguished Domestic architecture, activity areas, ceramic residues, radiocarbon samples and excavation records
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Santa Elena, Santa Elena, Ecuador (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Ecuadorian highland contexts (orientation only)

Rumipamba: settlement sequences within a changing Quito landscape

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

The municipal museum account presents archaeological and environmental evidence together, not one timeless settlement. Quito's conservation report distinguishes surviving protected areas from evidence lost through urban growth; absence in a built-up area is not proof of no earlier people.

Urban archaeological landscape and preservation context Precolonial archaeological periods; geological events and modern preservation distinguished Stratigraphy, occupation surfaces, material remains and geological records
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Cauca and Upper Magdalena contexts (orientation only)

San Agustín: Upper Magdalena communities and monumental landscapes

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

UNESCO describes a dispersed monumental landscape rather than a single isolated object collection or one ethnic capital. ICANH documents long investigation and protection history, which is distinct from the first local knowledge of these places.

Monumental landscape and regional-settlement context First millennium BCE and CE regional sequences; major monumental phases locally variable Monuments, modified landforms, settlement distributions, household evidence and regional surveys
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Pitalito, Huila, Colombia (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Pacific and eastern-foothill contexts (orientation only)

Santa Ana-La Florida: connected foothills and cacao-use evidence

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

Valdez's study emphasizes planned stone architecture and local agency in an upper-forest setting rather than passive receipt of highland civilization. The INPC brochure describes collaboration with archaeological and local institutions, not an empty landscape awaiting discovery.

Upper-forest foothill settlement and plant-use context Mid-Holocene settlement, approximately 5,300 years ago onward; sample chronologies qualified Stone architecture, ceramics, plant residues and joint archaeological investigations
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Loja, Loja, Ecuador (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Eastern Cordillera contexts (orientation only)

Tequendama: highland shelters and changing environments

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

The original monograph provides an archaeological and environmental sequence; its rounded title chronology is not a date for every deposit. The 2022 study uses sediment, plant and animal evidence to assess local conditions; plant availability is not automatically proof of cultivation.

Shelter occupation and environmental-reconstruction context Terminal Pleistocene claims and early-to-middle Holocene evidence; sample-specific chronology qualified Excavation records, stone tools, plant microremains, sediment and animal evidence
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Soacha, Cundinamarca, Colombia (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Eastern Cordillera contexts (orientation only)

Tibitó: open-air evidence and megafauna-association limits

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

Correal's monograph documents the Tibitó investigation and its proposed relationship between cultural materials and Pleistocene fauna. The contemporary preliminary report places Tibitó among distinct regional projects, not one uniform highland economy.

Open-air assemblage and association-debate context Proposed terminal Pleistocene evidence; the traditional approximately 11,740 radiocarbon BP association is contested Stone and animal materials, stratigraphic records and technological reanalysis
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Tocancipá, Cundinamarca, Colombia (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Cauca and Upper Magdalena contexts (orientation only)

Tierradentro: archaeological landscapes and living heritage

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

UNESCO describes several archaeological areas whose surviving monuments represent only part of past community life. ICANH describes continuing investigations rather than a completed or unanimous reconstruction of social organization.

Archaeological landscape and living-heritage context First millennium CE archaeological contexts; later living community and institutional histories distinguished Monumental architecture, settlement evidence, research archives and Indigenous public accounts
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Popayán, Cauca, Colombia (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Ecuadorian highland and western-foothill contexts (orientation only)

Tulipe: forest connections, water, and built environments

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

Quito's museum account describes sunken structures and material from distinct Yumbo-associated and Inka contexts. The INPC guide places Tulipe within the western foothills and wider archaeological landscape, not an isolated society.

Forest-foothill water architecture and exchange context Later precolonial Yumbo-associated and Inka-period evidence; local phases and later care distinguished Sunken structures, channels, excavated materials and landscape documentation
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Pacific landscape contexts (orientation only)

Tumaco–La Tolita: wetlands, food work, and metalworking connections

Reviewed community and place names are preserved where supported; no otherwise unknown ancient self-designation is invented.

The landscape study examines local adaptation, earthworks and changing connections rather than untouched swamp or one-way civilization. Museo del Oro interpretation includes fishing, cultivation, hunting and metalworking, not only elite ornaments.

Transboundary wetland and craft-network context Broadly first millennium BCE–early first millennium CE, with local and later sequences distinguished Settlement mounds, drained fields, ceramics, metalwork and landscape investigations
Reference town or highland–coastal context
Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas, Ecuador (orientation only): approximate public-town or distant institutional orientation, not an excavation, burial, sacred-site, cave-entrance, private compound or vulnerable-deposit location; never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, political, religious, sovereignty, water-rights or route boundary. The orientation may be far from the archaeological context. No access, collecting or travel permission is implied.
Language family
Language, material classification, political allegiance, residence and living identity are distinct; this record does not classify every ancient speaker.
3 reviewed sources Read profile
Evidence-first orientation

Evidence, terminology, and living authority

Six sourced notes distinguish regional frames, archaeological classifications, chronology, archive and colonial bias, household livelihoods, and living heritage authority.

Regional frames and self-designations

Northern Andes, Colombia and Ecuador organize a selective directory, not one ancient people or territory. CONAIE's public Kañari account and CRIC's Nasa heritage work have their own living institutional contexts; modern geography cannot determine identity or sovereignty.

[C1] [C2]

Archaeological labels are not peoples

Upper Magdalena settlement research and La Tolita landscape work compare material evidence and activities. San Agustín, Tierradentro, Calima, Valdivia and Tumaco–La Tolita do not by themselves name every maker's language, political allegiance or living descendants.

[C5] [C8]

Dating and evidence association

The El Abra reassessment questions traditional lithic and chronological associations. Loma Alta food research uses explicitly qualified samples and calibrated dates. Radiocarbon BP, calibrated BP and older BC conventions cannot be exchanged mechanically or made into a ranking of peoples.

[C3] [C4]

Uneven archives and outside testimony

Malagana's early reports document looting and loss of context, not a license to collect. Monumental and settlement archives sample different activities. Colonial descriptions, royal accounts and later museum categories require attribution by date, genre and viewpoint rather than serving as neutral censuses.

[C6] [C5]

Households and connected landscapes

Loma Alta food evidence, La Tolita wetland landscapes and Ingapirca conservation illuminate different kinds of work and surviving archives. Farming, gathering, fishing, water management, craft, gendered labor, dependency or coercion where evidenced and exchange need local evidence, not a single highland–coastal model.

[C4] [C8] [C7]

Living heritage and point-map limits

Nasa heritage work and public Kañari history are not automatic archaeological continuity tests. Public-town points may be distant from sites; they identify neither sacred places nor territorial or ownership boundaries. No burial details, restricted stories, entry permissions or modern ancestry conclusions are supplied.

[C2] [C1]
  1. C1 Qué es la CONAIE? · Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAIE)
  2. C2 Encuentro de mayores, memoria hacia los 50 años del CRIC · Consejo Regional Indígena del Cauca (CRIC)
  3. C3 Revisiting the lithic industries of El Abra sites (Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia, Northern South America). Implications for its significance and chronology · Brunella Muttillo, Roberto Lleras Pérez, Ettore Rufo and Giuseppe Lembo; Quaternary International
  4. C4 Directly dated starch residues document early formative maize (Zea mays L.) in tropical Ecuador · Sonia Zarrillo and colleagues; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
  5. C5 Regional Settlement Patterns in the Alto Magdalena: The San Agustín-Isnos Zone · Robert D. Drennan, Víctor González Fernández and Carlos Augusto Sánchez; University of Pittsburgh, ICANH and Universidad de los Andes
  6. C6 Malagana: guaquería vs arqueología · Álvaro Botiva Contreras and Eduardo Forero Lloreda; Boletín Museo del Oro 31
  7. C7 Estado de conservación del Complejo Arqueológico de Ingapirca · INPC, PAQU research platform
  8. C8 Laguna de la Ciudad: construcción de paisajes culturales en el norte de Esmeraldas · Francisco Valdez, Julio Hurtado and Alexandra Yépez; STRATA, INPC
Connected coverage

Topics already reviewed elsewhere in the atlas are linked instead of duplicated.

Muisca histories and contemporary identity Open the existing evidence-limited historical and contemporary-identity context rather than duplicating it. Nearby archaeology does not decide continuity, recognition or descent. Quechua peoples and living institutions Compare plural living language communities and governments without treating every Ecuadorian highland context as one Quechua people or ancient language. Inka state and connected imperial contexts Compare the existing state and road-network context. Regional encounters, local agency and uneven incorporation are not automatic cultural or population replacement. Chiribiquete and neighboring lowland stewardship Compare a distinct lowland cultural landscape without asserting a direct route, one ancient population or permission to enter protected or sacred places.
Read the data carefully

A selective regional collection, not a people census

This editorial release contains 20 profiles. Twenty selective contexts, not a census of every people, site or language. Existing Muisca, Quechua, Inka and neighboring lowland profiles are linked rather than duplicated. Living Nasa, Kañari, Kichwa, Karanki, Kayambi, Kitu Kara, Pasto, Muisca and other communities retain their own histories and authority; not every named community has a dedicated profile here.

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