A man buried in Kazakhstan in the era
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Explore the recorded context, genetic comparisons and research behind this reference sample.
A reference profile describes this sample. It does not establish a personal or family relationship.
Recorded details and available lineage markers.
Botai individual, Kazakhstan
Sample ID: BOT14
3517 BCE - 3111 BCE
The Botai Culture
Male
K1b2c
R-L1432
Pastoralist (AI estimate, era-typical)
Where this individual was discovered
A location map is not available for this record.
When this individual lived in the broader context of human history
Background information associated with the reference record.
The Botai culture is a Late Eneolithic (Copper Age) archaeological tradition found mainly in northern Kazakhstan and nearby steppe areas. It dates to roughly 3700–3100 BCE and is recognized through its characteristic settlement pattern and tool and pottery styles.
Botai sites are associated with open steppe landscapes with continental climates, where seasonal variation strongly shaped mobility and subsistence. River valleys and more productive pastures would have supported settlement and the management of herds during favorable periods.
During the Eneolithic, communities in the steppe region developed increasingly complex lifeways, including long-term occupations at some places. The Botai archaeological pattern reflects this period’s local adaptation, with broader interregional connections inferred from similarities in technology and artifact styles.
Botai communities were mobile foragers and herders who relied on hunting and the use of animals in their seasonal economy. Evidence from settlements indicates that people organized tasks around animal processing, storage, and seasonal movement, with animal management playing an increasing role in subsistence.
Archaeological assemblages include distinctive ceramics, stone tools, and evidence for activities at settlement sites. Animal-related remains in settlement contexts are central to interpretations of lifeways, while lithic technologies and household artifacts provide a basis for defining the culture archaeologically.
Society is inferred through settlement layout, repeated occupation, and patterned material culture. The presence of specialized activity areas at some sites suggests coordinated household labor and knowledge about processing animals and managing resources within the seasonal steppe cycle.
As the Eneolithic ended, steppe lifeways in northern Kazakhstan continued to evolve toward later Bronze Age traditions. The Botai record is an important reference point for understanding how animal-centered economies and settlement strategies developed before subsequent cultural shifts.
These comparisons show genetic similarity, not identity or origin. The populations listed are those whose genomes show statistical alignment to this ancient individual.
Similarity reflects shared history, not shared identity. These are analytical comparisons, not claims about who this person was.
This analysis compares the DNA profile with present-day reference populations, showing statistical similarity to modern reference populations from different regions. The excavation site records where this individual was found, not a fixed modern genetic identity.
These are the modern populations showing the closest statistical alignment to A man buried in Kazakhstan in the era, ranked by genetic distance. Lower distance values indicate closer statistical similarity. Cross-region similarity can reflect shared ancestry, population movement, continuity, or later admixture.
This individual exists within a broader network of ancient samples. No ancient genome stands alone.
Scientific publications and genetic data that inform this profile.
These coordinates represent a position in genetic space, a tool for comparison, not a conclusion. You can use these to perform custom admixture analysis in G25 Studio.
BOT14,0.09334726,-0.10338022,0.0783378,0.0716304,-0.04528182,0.00339374,-0.03883974,-0.042713,-0.00361202,-0.03057252,0.02392032,-0.01099024,0.02538356,-0.0261442,-0.02537012,-0.0235206,-0.00881924,-0.00717174,-0.03149246,-0.02539214,0.01179138,0.00574678,-0.03378724,0.00570088,-0.00570375