Ancient Individual

A man buried in Spain in the Bronze Age era

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A man buried in Spain during the Bronze Age La Horna, Spain

A fragment of the ancient world, preserved across millennia in strands of DNA.

LHO001

1611 BCE - 1441 BCE

Male

Spain

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Chapter I

Identity

The biological and cultural markers that define this ancient individual

Sample ID

LHO001

Date Range

1611 BCE - 1441 BCE

Cultural Period

Bronze Age La Horna, Spain

Biological Sex

Male

mtDNA Haplogroup

K1a+195

Y-DNA Haplogroup

R1b1a1b1a1a2a1

Social Role

Farmer (AI estimate, era-typical)

Chapter II

Place

Where this individual was discovered

Country Spain

Locality Alicante. Aspe. La Horna

Coordinates 38.3440, -0.7700

Chapter III

Time

When this individual lived in the broader context of human history

LHO001 1611 BCE - 1441 BCE

Chapter IV

Story

The narrative of this ancient life

The Bronze Age in the region of La Horna, Spain, located in the Western Mediterranean, marks a fascinating era characterized by significant advancements in metallurgy, social organization, and cultural development. This period, roughly spanning from 2200 BCE to 800 BCE, showcases the transformation of societies from relatively simple agrarian communities to more complex and hierarchical social structures.

Geographical and Environmental Context

La Horna is situated in a part of Spain that benefits from a Mediterranean climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. This climate would have influenced the agriculture and settlement patterns of its Bronze Age inhabitants. The natural environment included a mix of coastal and inland territories, with access to plains, rivers, and mountainous regions ideal for agriculture, hunting, and gathering.

Metallurgical Advancements

One of the defining features of the Bronze Age in La Horna is the advent of metalworking technology. The use of bronze, an alloy primarily of copper and tin, allowed for the creation of more durable tools and weapons than those available during the preceding Neolithic period. This technical innovation revolutionized many aspects of daily life, including agriculture, warfare, and trade.

Agricultural and Economic Practices

Agriculture at La Horna would have been supported by the region’s fertile soil and favorable climate. The cultivation of crops such as wheat, barley, olives, and grapes was likely complemented by the herding of domesticated animals like sheep, goats, and cattle. These practices not only sustained the local populations but also facilitated trade with neighboring cultures.

Trade networks were crucial during this era, allowing for the exchange of goods, ideas, and technological innovations. La Horna's strategic location in the Western Mediterranean enabled contact and trade with other cultures across the sea, contributing to economic and cultural enrichment.

Social Organization and Settlement Patterns

Bronze Age societies in La Horna were becoming increasingly stratified. Social hierarchy was often reflected in burial practices, with elite members of society receiving more elaborate grave goods. Settlements began to feature greater complexity, with structures such as fortified hilltop settlements, indicating concerns over security and territorial control.

Cultural and Religious Practices

Religious and ritualistic practices during this period were likely polytheistic, with a belief system that involved worshiping natural elements and celestial bodies. Megalithic structures and burial mounds may serve as evidence of ritualistic activities, though specific details about religious practices remain speculative due to the limited archaeological record.

Cultural artifacts from this era include pottery, which evolved in style and technique over the centuries, reflecting both aesthetic preferences and functional requirements. Decorative motifs and artistic expressions in pottery and metalwork provide insight into the symbolic and artistic endeavors of the time.

Interaction with Other Cultures

The Western Mediterranean was a dynamic region during the Bronze Age, characterized by interactions between various cultural groups. La Horna's inhabitants participated in these intercultural exchanges, which were facilitated by maritime routes that connected them to other prominent Bronze Age civilizations. These interactions led to cultural syncretism, evidenced by the diffusion of artistic styles and technological innovations across regions.

Legacy and Influence

The legacy of the Bronze Age in La Horna can be observed in the cultural and technological foundations it laid for subsequent developments in the Iron Age and beyond. The era's achievements in metallurgy, agriculture, and social organization set the stage for more complex societies that would emerge in later periods.

In conclusion, the Bronze Age culture of La Horna, Spain, represents a vibrant and transformative period in the Western Mediterranean characterized by technological innovation, societal complexity, and cultural development. Through the lens of archaeological findings and the broader Mediterranean context, we gain valuable insights into the lives and legacies of the people who inhabited this region over three millennia ago.

Context

Related Samples

This individual exists within a broader network of ancient samples. No ancient genome stands alone.

Sample ID	Culture/Period	Date	Location	Action
ALM035	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM047	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM053	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1750 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM056	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM062	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM069	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1750 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM070	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1750 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM071	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM075	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM079	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM084	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1750 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM088	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1750 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM073	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1889 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM060	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1878 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM001	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1960 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM002	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1943 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM004	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM006	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1919 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM007	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM008	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM014	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM015	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1898 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM016	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1945 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM017	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1882 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM018	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM019	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2127 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM020	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM021	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM024	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM025	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM026	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM027	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM028	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM040	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2012 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM041	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1944 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM042	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM043	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1882 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM044	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1896 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM046	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1883 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM048	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM049	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM050	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM034	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1954 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM003	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM029	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM032	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1750 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM036	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM039	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1739 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM051	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM055	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM057	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1874 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM063	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1750 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM064	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM067	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1750 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM068	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1750 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM076	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM078	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1750 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM081	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM086	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1932 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM087	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
I1304	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1741 BCE	Murcia. La Almoloya. El Argar, Spain	View
ALM080	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1750 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM031	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1750 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM030	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM058	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM077	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
ALM052	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1884 BCE	Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain	View
EFA006	Late Bronze Age Spain	1200 BCE	Balearic Islands. Menorca. Ciutadella. Es Forat de ses Aritges, Spain	View
EFA008	Late Bronze Age Spain	1200 BCE	Balearic Islands. Menorca. Ciutadella. Es Forat de ses Aritges, Spain	View
EFA009	Late Bronze Age Spain	1200 BCE	Balearic Islands. Menorca. Ciutadella. Es Forat de ses Aritges, Spain	View
EFA010	Late Bronze Age Spain	1200 BCE	Balearic Islands. Menorca. Ciutadella. Es Forat de ses Aritges, Spain	View
EFA011	Late Bronze Age Spain	1200 BCE	Balearic Islands. Menorca. Ciutadella. Es Forat de ses Aritges, Spain	View
EFA007	Late Bronze Age Spain	1200 BCE	Balearic Islands. Menorca. Ciutadella. Es Forat de ses Aritges, Spain	View
BAS003	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2023 BCE	Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain	View
BAS022	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1750 BCE	Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain	View
BAS023	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2130 BCE	Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain	View
BAS024	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2192 BCE	Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain	View
BAS025	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2134 BCE	Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain	View
BAS027	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain	View
BAS002	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1620 BCE	Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain	View
BAS018	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1865 BCE	Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain	View
BAS026	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2000 BCE	Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain	View
BAS017	The Argaric Culture of Spain	1871 BCE	Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain	View
LHO002	Bronze Age La Horna, Spain	1620 BCE	Alicante. Aspe. La Horna, Spain	View
LHO001	Bronze Age La Horna, Spain	1611 BCE	Alicante. Aspe. La Horna, Spain	View
MDP002	Early El Argar Culture Molinos de Papel, Spain	2200 BCE	Murcia. Caravaca. Molinos del Papel, Spain	View
MDP003	Early El Argar Culture Molinos de Papel, Spain	2197 BCE	Murcia. Caravaca. Molinos del Papel, Spain	View
MDP001	Early El Argar Culture Molinos de Papel, Spain	2297 BCE	Murcia. Caravaca. Molinos del Papel, Spain	View
MIV001	Neolithic to Bronze Age Transition in Iberia	2200 BCE	Barcelona. Terrasa. Miquel Vives, Spain	View
CBR004	Bronze Age Cabezo Redondo, Southeast Spain	1538 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Cabezo Redondo, Spain	View
CMO001	The Argaric Culture of Southeast Iberia	1881 BCE	Murcia. Moratalla. Cerro del Morrón, Spain	View
CMO002	The Argaric Culture of Southeast Iberia	1888 BCE	Murcia. Moratalla. Cerro del Morrón, Spain	View
CMO003	The Argaric Culture of Southeast Iberia	1750 BCE	Murcia. Moratalla. Cerro del Morrón, Spain	View
LOT001	The Argaric Culture of Southeast Iberia	2021 BCE	Murcia. Lorca. Los Tintes, Spain	View
MMI004	The Argaric Culture of Southeast Iberia	2000 BCE	Murcia. Lorca. Madre Mercedarias Iglesias, Spain	View
LHO003	Bronze Age Southeast Iberia	1669 BCE	Alicante. Aspe. La Horna, Spain	View
PLZ001	Bronze Age Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Peñón de la Zorra, Spain	View
PUC001	Bronze Age Southeast Iberia	1879 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Puntal de los Carniceros, Spain	View
PUC002	Bronze Age Southeast Iberia	1741 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Puntal de los Carniceros, Spain	View
PUC003	Bronze Age Southeast Iberia	1882 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Puntal de los Carniceros, Spain	View
PUC004	Bronze Age Southeast Iberia	1748 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Puntal de los Carniceros, Spain	View
CDM001	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	2559 BCE	Murcia. Caravaca. Camino del Molino, Spain	View
CDM002	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	2579 BCE	Murcia. Caravaca. Camino del Molino, Spain	View
CDM003	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Murcia. Caravaca. Camino del Molino, Spain	View
CDM004	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Murcia. Caravaca. Camino del Molino, Spain	View
CDM005	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Murcia. Caravaca. Camino del Molino, Spain	View
CDP001	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Planes. Cova d' En Pardo, Spain	View
CDP002	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Planes. Cova d' En Pardo, Spain	View
CDP006	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Planes. Cova d' En Pardo, Spain	View
CDP008	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Planes. Cova d' En Pardo, Spain	View
CDP011	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Planes. Cova d' En Pardo, Spain	View
CLL001	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain	View
CLL002	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain	View
CLL003	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain	View
CLL004	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain	View
CLL005	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain	View
CLL006	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain	View
CLL008	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain	View
CLL009	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain	View
CLL010	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain	View
CLL011	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain	View
CDP003	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Planes. Cova d' En Pardo, Spain	View
CDP009	Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia	3300 BCE	Alicante. Planes. Cova d' En Pardo, Spain	View
MON013	Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia	3300 BCE	Sevilla. Valencina de la Concepción. PP4-Montelirio, Spain	View
MON015	Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia	3300 BCE	Sevilla. Valencina de la Concepción. PP4-Montelirio, Spain	View
MON016	Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia	3300 BCE	Sevilla. Valencina de la Concepción. PP4-Montelirio, Spain	View
MON017	Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia	3300 BCE	Sevilla. Valencina de la Concepción. PP4-Montelirio, Spain	View
MON029	Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia	3300 BCE	Sevilla. Valencina de la Concepción. PP4-Montelirio, Spain	View
MON014	Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia	1750 BCE	, Spain	View
MON019	Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia	3300 BCE	, Spain	View
MON020	Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia	3300 BCE	, Spain	View
MON021	Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia	3300 BCE	, Spain	View
MON033	Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia	3300 BCE	, Spain	View
MON036	Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia	2893 BCE	, Spain	View
ZAP002	The Argaric Culture of Spain	2200 BCE	Murcia. Lorca. Zapatería, Spain	View

Sample ID	Culture/Period	Date	Location	Action
LHO002	Bronze Age La Horna, Spain	1620 BCE	Alicante. Aspe. La Horna, Spain	View
LHO001	Bronze Age La Horna, Spain	1611 BCE	Alicante. Aspe. La Horna, Spain	View

Sources

References

Scientific publications and genetic data that inform this profile.

Scientific Publication

Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia

Authors Villalba-Mouco V, Oliart C, Rihuete-Herrada C, Childebayeva A, Rohrlach AB et al.

Abstract

The emerging Bronze Age (BA) of southeastern Iberia saw marked social changes. Late Copper Age (CA) settlements were abandoned in favor of hilltop sites, and collective graves were largely replaced by single or double burials with often distinctive grave goods indirectly reflecting a hierarchical social organization, as exemplified by the BA El Argar group. We explored this transition from a genomic viewpoint by tripling the amount of data available for this period. Concomitant with the rise of El Argar starting ~2200 cal BCE, we observe a complete turnover of Y-chromosome lineages along with the arrival of steppe-related ancestry. This pattern is consistent with a founder effect in male lineages, supported by our finding that males shared more relatives at sites than females. However, simple two-source models do not find support in some El Argar groups, suggesting additional genetic contributions from the Mediterranean that could predate the BA.

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