A woman buried in Spain in the Mesolithic era

The Asturian Mesolithic of Pre-Neolithic Iberia represents a fascinating and complex era in the history of human settlement in the Iberian Peninsula. This period, roughly spanning from around 10,000 BCE to 5,000 BCE, is characterized by significant changes in technology, subsistence strategies, and social organization following the Last Glacial Maximum and preceding the advent of agriculture.

Geographical Context

Asturias, located in the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula, is defined by its rugged coastline, steep mountains, and numerous rivers and streams. This varied landscape provided abundant resources and a variety of ecological niches, which were exploited by the human populations of the time. The coastal region provided rich marine resources, while the interior offered forests teeming with game and plants.

Climate and Environment

During the Mesolithic period, the climate of the region was transitioning from the harsh conditions of the Ice Age to a more temperate climate. This change led to a modification of the landscape, with forests of oak, hazel, and pine expanding as glaciers receded. These changes in the environment played a significant role in shaping the subsistence strategies and movements of Mesolithic communities.

Subsistence Patterns

The Asturian Mesolithic people were primarily hunter-gatherers, with a strong emphasis on exploiting both terrestrial and marine resources. The coastal inhabitants relied heavily on fishing, shellfish gathering, and hunting of marine mammals. Evidence from shell middens—large accumulations of shell remains found along the coast—indicates that seafood, particularly limpets, was a staple in the diet.

Inland, the populations engaged in hunting of red deer, boar, and other game, complemented by gathering fruits, nuts, and seeds. The adaptation to both the coastal and forested environments reflects a flexible subsistence strategy that allowed these communities to exploit a broad spectrum of resources.

Tools and Technology

Technological advancements during this period are evident in the development of microlithic tools, which were small, worked flints used as part of composite tools such as arrows and spears. These tools, along with bone and antler implements, demonstrate a high level of craftsmanship and specialization.

In addition to stone tools, there is evidence of the use of bone and shell artifacts, including fishhooks and ornaments, indicating not only advanced tool-making skills but also a cultural dimension that included personal adornment.

Social Organization

While specific details about the social structure of Asturian Mesolithic communities are challenging to ascertain, archaeological evidence suggests small, mobile, kin-based groups. This mobility was likely seasonal, driven by the availability of resources. The presence of distinct sites, such as seasonal camps and base camps, indicates some organization in terms of settlement patterns.

Cultural Practices

Artistic expression is another notable feature of the Asturian Mesolithic. While less prolific than earlier or later periods, examples of rock art and engraved bones have been discovered, demonstrating a cultural and symbolic aspect to these communities. These artworks suggest a connection with the natural world and possibly spiritual or ritualistic practices.

Transition to the Neolithic

The Asturian Mesolithic gradually gave way to the Neolithic with the introduction of agriculture and domesticated animals. This transition, however, was not abrupt but rather a complex process involving the integration and coexistence of Mesolithic and Neolithic lifestyles over an extended period.

In summary, the Asturian Mesolithic period in Pre-Neolithic Iberia represents a dynamic era where early human communities adeptly adapted to their changing environment through a mix of innovation in technology, diverse subsistence strategies, and complex social and cultural practices. The archaeological record of this period provides valuable insights into the resilience and ingenuity of these early inhabitants of Iberia.