A woman buried in Spain in the Bronze Age era

The Early El Argar Culture, particularly as observed at the archaeological site of Molinos de Papel in Spain, is a fascinating segment of the broader Iberian prehistory during the Bronze Age. This culture, which flourished approximately between 2200 and 1500 BCE, is recognized for its advanced societal structures and its significant contributions to the development of early European metallurgy and urbanization.

Geographical and Chronological Context

The El Argar civilization emerged in the southeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula, primarily in what is now the regions of Murcia and Almería in Spain. Molinos de Papel is one of several sites that provide valuable insights into the lifestyle, economy, and social organization of the Argaric people. The site, situated near the confluence of river systems and fertile lands, would have been conducive to agricultural activities and trade.

Settlement and Architecture

The Argaric settlements are known for their strategic locations, often on elevated terrains, which provided defensive advantages. The dwellings were typically constructed from stone and mud-brick, with some evidence suggesting the use of wooden elements in roofing. The architecture often included complex layouts with communal areas, dedicated workshops, and residential quarters, indicating a sophisticated understanding of urban planning.

Economy and Subsistence

Argaric society was agrarian, heavily relying on cereal cultivation, with evidence of wheat and barley being prominent staple crops. Additionally, they practiced animal husbandry, including cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs, which provided meat, milk, and other resources. The proximity to river systems facilitated fishing and contributed to a diverse diet. The economy was significantly bolstered by metallurgy, particularly the extraction and production of bronze tools and weapons, which played a crucial role in trade.

Social Structure and Burial Practices

The society was markedly hierarchical, as evidenced by burial customs and the distribution of grave goods. El Argar culture is noted for its use of large, communal graves, often in cists or stone tombs. High-status individuals were interred with ornate pottery, jewelry made from silver and gold, and bronze objects, indicating their wealth and social standing. This tiered social structure suggests the presence of leadership elites who controlled resources and trade networks.

Material Culture and Craftsmanship

The material culture of the Argarics was sophisticated, with a wide array of goods produced from locally sourced and imported materials. Pottery from this period often shows advanced techniques, with smooth finishes and geometric designs. Metalwork was advanced, with the development of bronze casting techniques that produced a variety of tools, weapons, and ornaments. Evidence of textile manufacturing has also been found, indicating the presence of weaving and spinning activities.

Trade and External Connections

The El Argar society engaged in trade both locally and with distant communities, as demonstrated by the variety of non-local materials found at archaeological sites such as Molinos de Papel. This includes the exchange of metals, pottery, and possibly textiles, suggesting a level of socio-economic interaction across the broader Mediterranean region.

Influence and Legacy

The El Argar culture is considered a crucial precursor to later Iberian cultures due to its advancements in metallurgy and urban development. Its decline around 1500 BCE, possibly due to environmental changes, social unrest, or external pressures, marked the end of a significant phase in Iberian prehistory. However, its influence can be seen in subsequent cultures in the region that continued to develop complex societies and technologies.

In summary, the Early El Argar Culture at sites like Molinos de Papel represents a period of innovation and complexity in prehistoric Iberia. Its contributions to metallurgy, urbanization, and societal organization provide important insights into the evolution of European prehistoric civilizations.