A woman buried in Russia in the Early Bronze Age era

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Reference library / Sample profile

A woman buried in Russia in the Early Bronze Age era

Explore the recorded context, genetic comparisons and research behind this reference sample.

RussiaEarly Bronze Age Yamnaya Culture, Caucasus, Russia

A reference profile describes this sample. It does not establish a personal or family relationship.

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AI portrait reconstruction for A woman buried in Russia in the Early Bronze Age era
AI-generated artistic reconstruction, not a photograph of the individual.
Record

Sample details

Recorded details and available lineage markers.

Individual

EBA Caucasus Yamnaya individual, Russia

Sample ID: ZO2002

Date Range

3300 BCE - 2500 BCE

Cultural Period

Early Bronze Age Yamnaya Culture, Caucasus, Russia

Biological Sex

Female

mtDNA Haplogroup

U5a1-a

Y-DNA Haplogroup

Not available

Social Role

Pastoralist (AI estimate, era-typical)

Geography

Location

Where this individual was discovered

Country Russia
Locality North Caucasus steppe. Zolotarjëvka 2
Coordinates 45.6590, 42.6068
Chronology

Date range

When this individual lived in the broader context of human history

EBA Caucasus Yamnaya individual, Russia 3300 BCE - 2500 BCE
Context

Historical context

Background information associated with the reference record.

The Early Bronze Age in the North Caucasus is associated with the spread of Yamnaya cultural patterns into a landscape of mountains, foothills, and river valleys. The resulting archaeological record reflects interaction between steppe-derived traditions and local setting-specific lifeways.

Region & Environment

The North Caucasus combines rugged uplands with more accessible valley floors and passes. Livelihood strategies would have depended on exploiting different altitudinal zones, including grazing and hunting in higher areas and farming or foraging in lower, more habitable zones.

Historical Context

The period c. 3300–2600 BCE belongs to a broader steppe Bronze Age transformation across Eurasia, often characterized archaeologically by recurring burial and artifact patterns. In the North Caucasus, these patterns appear in ways that indicate movement, contact, and integration with existing regional traditions.

Populations & Lifeways

Lifeways in such contexts are commonly reconstructed as mixed subsistence, with pastoralism and hunting playing prominent roles, and with varying degrees of cultivation depending on local conditions. Communities were likely organized around households managing herds and using seasonal routes through valleys and passes.

Archaeology & Material Culture

Yamnaya-linked material culture is frequently identified through distinctive funerary practices (including kurgan-style burials in many regions) and assemblages of portable objects. Pottery forms, metal items where present, and stone-tool technologies help define cultural affiliation, though the exact balance of local versus introduced traits varies by site.

Culture & Society

Burial practices provide one of the clearest windows into social behavior, including norms of remembrance and the expression of status. The archaeological visibility of shared patterns suggests social connections and recurrent interaction among communities across long distances.

Legacy & Transition

The Yamnaya horizon represents a key step in the Early Bronze Age transformation of the Caucasus. It helped set the stage for subsequent regional developments in Bronze Age lifeways and exchange systems as new cultural complexes emerged after 2600 BCE.

Analysis

Genetic comparisons

These comparisons show genetic similarity, not identity or origin. The populations listed are those whose genomes show statistical alignment to this ancient individual.

Similarity reflects shared history, not shared identity. These are analytical comparisons, not claims about who this person was.

Modern Genetic Admixture

This analysis compares the DNA profile with present-day reference populations, showing statistical similarity to modern reference populations from different regions. The excavation site records where this individual was found, not a fixed modern genetic identity.

Europe 62.9%
Eastern European 39.1%
Eastern European 39.1%
Northwestern European 23.8%
English 8.5%
Scandinavian 8.4%
Northwestern European 5.3%
Finnish 1.7%
Asia 36.2%
Northern West Asian 19.5%
Caucasian 19.5%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 16.7%
Pakistan 16.7%
America 0.9%
America 0.9%
Native American 0.9%

Closest Modern Populations

These are the modern populations showing the closest statistical alignment to A woman buried in Russia in the Early Bronze Age era, ranked by genetic distance. Lower distance values indicate closer statistical similarity. Cross-region similarity can reflect shared ancestry, population movement, continuity, or later admixture.

1
Tatar Mishar
6.9252
2
Pamiri Rushan
7.0073
3
Tajik Yaghnobi
7.0081
4
Turkish Deliorman
7.3169
5
Lezgin
7.8285
6
Pamiri Shugnan
7.9019
7
Turkish Rumeli
7.9393
8
Kaitag
8.0008
9
Andian B
8.0054
10
Tatar Kazan
8.0288
Context

Related Samples

This individual exists within a broader network of ancient samples. No ancient genome stands alone.

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Eneolithic Steppe individual, Russia Eneolithic Russian Steppe 4994 BCE Piedmont. Progress 2, Russia View
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Page 1
Individual Culture/Period Date Location Action
EBA Caucasus Yamnaya individual, Russia Early Bronze Age Yamnaya Culture, Caucasus, Russia 2881 BCE Kuban steppe. Rasshevatskij 1, Russia View
EBA Caucasus Yamnaya individual, Russia Early Bronze Age Yamnaya Culture, Caucasus, Russia 3331 BCE Kuban steppe. Rasshevatskij 1, Russia View
EBA Caucasus Yamnaya individual, Russia Early Bronze Age Yamnaya Culture, Caucasus, Russia 3300 BCE North Caucasus steppe. Zolotarjëvka 2, Russia View
Page 1
Sources

References

Scientific publications and genetic data that inform this profile.

G25 Coordinates

These coordinates represent a position in genetic space, a tool for comparison, not a conclusion. You can use these to perform custom admixture analysis in G25 Studio.

ZO2002,0.11173804,0.07154552,0.01933704,0.0414906,-0.01547868,0.01746232,0.01131896,0.0064998,-0.02586772,-0.03194528,0.00117956,-0.00227288,0.00562648,-0.0004232,-0.00076352,-0.0013036,-0.00488124,-0.00082672,-0.00283168,-0.00643432,-0.00114156,0.00121524,-0.0015826,0.0064004,-0.00231614
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