Record

Sample details

Recorded details and available lineage markers.

Individual

Iberia Ia individual, Spain

Sample ID: pir001

Date Range

2100 BCE - 1450 BCE

Cultural Period

Iron Age Iberia

Biological Sex

Male

mtDNA Haplogroup

K1a13

Y-DNA Haplogroup

R-M269

Social Role

Farmer (AI estimate, era-typical)

Geography

Location

Where this individual was discovered

Country Spain

Locality Andalusia. Priego de Córdoba

A location map is not available for this record.

Chronology

Date range

When this individual lived in the broader context of human history

Iberia Ia individual, Spain 2100 BCE - 1450 BCE

Context

Historical context

Background information associated with the reference record.

Overview

The Iron Age in Iberia was a period of increasing regional organization, craft specialization, and long-distance contacts. Communities used iron and other materials to shape everyday life and to express status through burial practices and portable objects.

Region & Environment

Iberia’s varied geography—mountains, river corridors, and coastal zones—supported multiple economic strategies. Agricultural potential increased in many areas where soils and rainfall were favorable, while uplands and coasts offered additional resources for herding, fishing, and trade.

Historical Context

This era follows earlier prehistoric phases and is characterized by the growing use of iron along with continuing regional diversity. Contacts with outside Mediterranean and Atlantic worlds influenced certain technologies and styles, though local traditions remained prominent.

Populations & Lifeways

Populations were increasingly settled, though mobility tied to pastoralism and seasonal labor likely persisted. Lifeways centered on farming and herding, supplemented by hunting, gathering, and craft production. Some settlements show evidence for hierarchy through differential access to goods, while others appear more community-based.

Archaeology & Material Culture

Material culture typically includes iron tools and weapons, local ceramic traditions, loom weights and domestic items, and ornaments made from metal and other durable materials. Settlement archaeology may feature defensible positions, storage areas, and craft-related debris. Burials—where present—can include grave goods that help track changing identities and affiliations.

Culture & Society

Iron Age Iberia is best understood as a mosaic of local cultures and political forms rather than one uniform society. Shared technological adoption (notably ironworking) coexisted with distinct regional styles in pottery, metalwork, and mortuary practice.

Legacy & Transition

The Iron Age set the stage for later historical developments as Iberia became more directly involved with expanding Mediterranean powers. Over time, cultural and political transformations reshaped settlement patterns and material traditions, leading into subsequent Roman-era contexts.

Analysis

Genetic comparisons

These comparisons show genetic similarity, not identity or origin. The populations listed are those whose genomes show statistical alignment to this ancient individual.

Similarity reflects shared history, not shared identity. These are analytical comparisons, not claims about who this person was.

Modern Genetic Admixture

This analysis compares the DNA profile with present-day reference populations, showing statistical similarity to modern reference populations from different regions. The excavation site records where this individual was found, not a fixed modern genetic identity.

Europe 94.8%

Southern European 62.2%

Iberian 31.8%

Sardinian 26.4%

Balkan 4.1%

Northwestern European 32.6%

English 17.0%

Finnish 7.9%

Northwestern European 5.6%

Scandinavian 2.2%

Asia 3.2%

Northern West Asian 2.3%

Cypriot 2.3%

Chinese & Southeast Asian 0.7%

Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma 0.7%

Africa 2.0%

West African 2.0%

Nigerian 1.2%

Ghanaian, Liberian, Sierra Leonean 0.8%

Closest Modern Populations

These are the modern populations showing the closest statistical alignment to A man buried in Spain in the era, ranked by genetic distance. Lower distance values indicate closer statistical similarity. Cross-region similarity can reflect shared ancestry, population movement, continuity, or later admixture.

1

Spanish La Rioja

2.8729

2

Spanish Burgos

3.2078

3

Spanish Pirineu

3.2339

4

Spanish Cantabria

3.2737

5

Spanish Castilla La Mancha

3.2877

6

Spanish Aragon

3.3236

7

Spanish Navarra

3.3413

8

Spanish Valencia

3.3695

9

Spanish Castello

3.3713

10

Basque Soule

3.3852

Context

Related Samples

This individual exists within a broader network of ancient samples. No ancient genome stands alone.

Search related samples

Individual	Culture/Period	Date	Location	Action
Iberian Chalcolithic individual, Spain	Chalcolithic Spain	3265 BCE	Atapuerca. El Portalón, Spain	View
Iberian Chalcolithic individual, Spain	Chalcolithic Spain	2900 BCE	Atapuerca. El Portalón, Spain	View
Western European Neolithic individual, Spain	Early Neolithic Spain	5299 BCE	Andalusia. Murciélagos de Zuheros, Spain	View
Iberian Chalcolithic individual, Spain	Chalcolithic Spain	3011 BCE	Atapuerca. El Portalón, Spain	View
Iberian individual, Spain	Bronze Age Spain	1600 BCE	La Rioja. Cueva de los Lagos, Spain	View
Iberian Chalcolithic individual, Spain	Chalcolithic Spain	3336 BCE	Atapuerca. El Portalón, Spain	View
Prehistoric Iberian individual, Spain	Late Neolithic Spain	3765 BCE	Andalusia. Cueva de los Cuarenta, Spain	View
Iberian individual, Spain	Bronze Age Spain	2100 BCE	Andalusia. Priego de Córdoba, Spain	View
Prehistoric Iberian individual, Spain	Late Neolithic Spain	3779 BCE	Basque country. San Quílez, Spain	View
Iberian Chalcolithic individual, Spain	Chalcolithic Spain	3096 BCE	Atapuerca. El Portalón, Spain	View
Western European Neolithic individual, Spain	Early Neolithic Spain	5214 BCE	Atapuerca. El Portalón, Spain	View
Iberia Ca individual, Spain		2900 BCE	Atapuerca. El Portalón, Spain	View
Iberia En individual, Spain		5214 BCE	Atapuerca. El Portalón, Spain	View
Iberia Ca individual, Spain		3265 BCE	Atapuerca. El Portalón, Spain	View
Chalcolithic individual, Spain		3011 BCE	Atapuerca. El Portalón, Spain	View
Iberia Ln individual, Spain		3765 BCE	Andalusia. Cueva de los Cuarenta, Spain	View
Iberia Ba individual, Spain		1600 BCE	La Rioja. Cueva de los Lagos, Spain	View
Iberia N individual, Spain		5299 BCE	Andalusia. Murciélagos de Zuheros, Spain	View
Iberia Ia individual, Spain		2100 BCE	Andalusia. Priego de Córdoba, Spain	View
Iberia Ca individual, Spain		3336 BCE	Atapuerca. El Portalón, Spain	View
Iberia Ca individual, Spain		3096 BCE	Atapuerca. El Portalón, Spain	View
Iberia Ln individual, Spain		3779 BCE	Basque country. San Quílez, Spain	View

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