A woman buried in USA in the Native American era

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Reference library / Sample profile

A woman buried in USA in the Native American era

Explore the recorded context, genetic comparisons and research behind this reference sample.

USASan Nicolas Island Native American

A reference profile describes this sample. It does not establish a personal or family relationship.

View sample details Explore Shared Roots
AI portrait reconstruction for A woman buried in USA in the Native American era
AI-generated artistic reconstruction, not a photograph of the individual.
Record

Sample details

Recorded details and available lineage markers.

Individual

Chumash individual, USA

Sample ID: SN-50

Date Range

420 CE - 544 CE

Cultural Period

San Nicolas Island Native American

Biological Sex

Female

mtDNA Haplogroup

C1b41a1

Y-DNA Haplogroup

Not available

Social Role

Gatherer (AI estimate, era-typical)

Geography

Location

Where this individual was discovered

Country USA
Locality San Nicolas Island (California)
Coordinates 33.2643, -119.5390
Chronology

Date range

When this individual lived in the broader context of human history

Chumash individual, USA 420 CE - 544 CE
Context

Historical context

Background information associated with the reference record.

San Nicolas Island Native American communities occupied a maritime setting where open ocean met island topography. The surrounding waters provided abundant marine mammals, fish, and shellfish, while the island’s limited freshwater and terrestrial resources encouraged efficient, often seasonal, exploitation of the sea.

Region & Environment

San Nicolas Island lies in the California Channel Islands. Its rugged coastline and marine-rich shelf created a strong fishing and hunting focus, while terrestrial plant and animal resources were comparatively constrained and required careful use.

Historical Context

Within the broader precontact history of California’s coastal Indigenous peoples, the timeframe represented here falls before extensive Spanish colonization. Over these centuries, island residents remained part of inter-island and mainland exchange networks and adapted to local ecological rhythms.

Populations & Lifeways

People living on or near San Nicolas Island practiced a coastal lifeway centered on marine hunting and fishing, supplemented by island-available terrestrial foods. Seasonal strategies and knowledge of tides, currents, and animal movements helped families organize labor for gathering, processing, and storing foods.

Archaeology & Material Culture

Archaeological evidence for island lifeways typically includes shell and fish remains from processing areas, stone tools for hunting and food preparation, and features connected to habitation or repeated activity. Organic materials and craftwork are often preserved in favorable contexts, but interpretations must rely on what survives.

Culture & Society

Island communities were socially embedded in wider cultural landscapes. Shared technologies and stylistic traits across the Channel Islands and adjacent mainland suggest communication and exchange, even as local environments shaped daily practice.

Legacy & Transition

The early historic period brought major disruption through European contact and colonial policies. Nevertheless, Indigenous knowledge of marine ecology and place-based traditions continued to shape later cultural continuity and historical memory.

Analysis

Genetic comparisons

These comparisons show genetic similarity, not identity or origin. The populations listed are those whose genomes show statistical alignment to this ancient individual.

Similarity reflects shared history, not shared identity. These are analytical comparisons, not claims about who this person was.

Modern Genetic Admixture

This analysis compares the DNA profile with present-day reference populations, showing statistical similarity to modern reference populations from different regions. The excavation site records where this individual was found, not a fixed modern genetic identity.

America 90.4%
America 90.4%
Native American 90.4%
Asia 9.6%
Northern Asian 4.4%
Siberian 2.5%
Mongolian 1.9%
Japanese & Korean 4.4%
Japanese 4.4%
Northern West Asian 0.7%
Anatolian 0.7%

Closest Modern Populations

These are the modern populations showing the closest statistical alignment to A woman buried in USA in the Native American era, ranked by genetic distance. Lower distance values indicate closer statistical similarity. Cross-region similarity can reflect shared ancestry, population movement, continuity, or later admixture.

1
Pima
1.7726
2
Zapotec
1.9656
3
Huichol
1.9663
4
Mayan
2.0066
5
Mixtec
2.0285
6
Nahua
2.1358
7
Mixe
2.7679
8
Cachi
3.0057
9
Bolivian Lapaz
3.8940
10
Colla
3.9746
Context

Related Samples

This individual exists within a broader network of ancient samples. No ancient genome stands alone.

Individual Culture/Period Date Location Action
Native American individual, USA Late Santa Cruz Island, California, USA 775 CE San Clemente Island. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3626 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Santa Cruz Island Chumash Culture, California, USA 774 CE San Cruz Island. CA, USA View
Chumash individual, USA San Miguel Island Chumash Culture, California, USA 1174 CE San Miguel Island. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late San Nicolas Island, California, USA 771 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Chumash Culture, California, USA 417 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late San Nicolas Island, California, USA 1040 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late San Nicolas Island, California, USA 420 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Chumash Culture, New Cuyama, California, USA 571 CE New Cuyama. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3369 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late San Nicolas Island, California, USA 1165 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3700 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late San Nicolas Island, California, USA 239 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Chumash Culture, California, USA 422 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late Santa Cruz Island, California, USA 700 CE San Clemente Island. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late Santa Cruz Island, California, USA 700 CE San Clemente Island. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late Santa Cruz Island, California, USA 1039 CE San Clemente Island. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late San Nicolas Island, California, USA 990 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late San Nicolas Island, California, USA 78 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late San Nicolas Island, California, USA 410 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 2835 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late Santa Cruz Island, California, USA 700 CE San Clemente Island. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3700 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Chumash individual, USA San Miguel Island Chumash Culture, California, USA 1286 CE San Miguel Island. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3341 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Chumash Culture, California, USA 416 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3700 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Chumash Culture, California, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3700 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3328 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Chumash Culture, California, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 2570 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late Santa Cruz Island, California, USA 890 CE San Clemente Island. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Chumash Culture, California, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3700 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3081 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Chumash Culture, California, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late San Nicolas Island, California, USA 663 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late San Nicolas Island, California, USA 795 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Chumash Culture, California, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Chumash Culture, California, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 2835 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Chumash Culture, California, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Early San Nicolas Island, California, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Native American individual, USA Late Santa Cruz Island, California, USA 700 CE San Clemente Island. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Chumash Culture, California, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
Native American individual, USA Mainland Chumash Culture, California, USA 416 CE California. Carpenteria, USA View
Mesoamerican Civilizations individual, Mexico Pericues Culture, Mexico 3000 BCE LC-218. Baja, Mexico View
Mesoamerican Civilizations individual, Mexico Baja California, Mexico 3000 BCE Iron Springs. Baja, Mexico View
Mesoamerican Civilizations individual, Mexico Baja California, Mexico 3000 BCE Comondu. Baja, Mexico View
Paleo-Arctic Tradition individual, Canada Arctic Small Tool Tradition, Canada 2914 BCE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
Paleo-Arctic Tradition individual, Canada Arctic Small Tool Tradition, Canada 1200 CE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
Paleo-Arctic Tradition individual, Canada Arctic Small Tool Tradition, Canada 1200 CE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
Paleo-Arctic Tradition individual, Canada Arctic Small Tool Tradition, Canada 1200 CE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
Paleo-Arctic Tradition individual, Canada Arctic Small Tool Tradition, Canada 1200 CE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
Paleo-Arctic Tradition individual, Canada Arctic Small Tool Tradition, Canada 1200 CE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
Paleo-Arctic Tradition individual, Canada Arctic Small Tool Tradition, Canada 1200 CE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
Paleo-Arctic Tradition individual, Canada Arctic Small Tool Tradition, Canada 1223 CE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
Chumash individual, USA San Nicolas Island Native American 420 CE San Nicolas Island (California), USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 420 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, Mexico 3000 BCE LC-218. Baja, Mexico View
America North Ancient individual, Mexico 3000 BCE Comondu. Baja, Mexico View
America North Ancient individual, USA 416 CE California. Carpenteria, USA View
America North Ancient individual, Canada 1223 CE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
America North Ancient individual, Canada 1200 CE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
America North Ancient individual, Canada 2914 BCE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
America North Ancient individual, USA 774 CE San Cruz Island. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, Canada 1200 CE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
America North Ancient individual, Canada 1200 CE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
America North Ancient individual, Canada 1200 CE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
America North Ancient individual, Canada 1200 CE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
America North Ancient individual, Canada 1200 CE Lucier. Southwestern Ontario, Canada View
America North Ancient individual, Mexico 3000 BCE Iron Springs. Baja, Mexico View
America North Ancient individual, USA 571 CE New Cuyama. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 416 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 417 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 422 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 100 CE Point Sal. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 700 CE San Clemente Island. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 700 CE San Clemente Island. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 890 CE San Clemente Island. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 1039 CE San Clemente Island. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 775 CE San Clemente Island. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 700 CE San Clemente Island. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 700 CE San Clemente Island. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 1286 CE San Miguel Island. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 1174 CE San Miguel Island. CA, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3700 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 239 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3081 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3700 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3700 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 771 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 663 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 1040 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 78 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3700 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3369 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 2570 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3341 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3700 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 795 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3626 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 410 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 990 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 1165 CE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 2835 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 3328 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
America North Ancient individual, USA 2835 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
Page 1
Individual Culture/Period Date Location Action
Chumash individual, USA San Nicolas Island Native American 420 CE San Nicolas Island (California), USA View
Page 1
Sources

References

Scientific publications and genetic data that inform this profile.

G25 Coordinates

These coordinates represent a position in genetic space, a tool for comparison, not a conclusion. You can use these to perform custom admixture analysis in G25 Studio.

SN-50,0.0551699,-0.3081758,0.10746848,0.0975417,-0.10756768,-0.01848556,-0.27331828,-0.32448786,-0.01109236,-0.01766418,0.00027978,-0.00026426,-0.00130214,0.02198796,-0.00861834,0.00283334,0.0044573,0.00302832,0.00493298,-0.00138228,-0.00013824,0.00428082,-0.00269034,-0.0014855,-0.00165827
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