A man buried in Germany in the Middle Neolithic era

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Reference library / Sample profile

A man buried in Germany in the Middle Neolithic era

Explore the recorded context, genetic comparisons and research behind this reference sample.

GermanyMiddle Neolithic Esperstedt, Germany

A reference profile describes this sample. It does not establish a personal or family relationship.

View sample details Explore Shared Roots
AI portrait reconstruction for A man buried in Germany in the Middle Neolithic era
AI-generated artistic reconstruction, not a photograph of the individual.
Record

Sample details

Recorded details and available lineage markers.

Individual

Linear Pottery Culture individual, Germany

Sample ID: I0172

Date Range

3363 BCE - 3029 BCE

Cultural Period

Middle Neolithic Esperstedt, Germany

Biological Sex

Male

mtDNA Haplogroup

T2b

Y-DNA Haplogroup

I-S2703

Social Role

Farmer (AI estimate, era-typical)

Geography

Location

Where this individual was discovered

Country Germany
Locality Esperstedt
Coordinates 51.4200, 11.6800
Chronology

Date range

When this individual lived in the broader context of human history

Linear Pottery Culture individual, Germany 3363 BCE - 3029 BCE
Context

Historical context

Background information associated with the reference record.

The Middle Neolithic period in Esperstedt, Germany, is particularly notable for its ties to the Linear Pottery Culture (abbreviated as LBK from the German \Linearbandkeramik"). This culture is of significant archaeological and historical importance, stretching from approximately 5500 to 4500 BCE. The Linear Pottery Culture is considered one of the earliest farming communities in Central Europe, and Esperstedt serves as a critical site for understanding the spread and development of this culture.

Geographic and Environmental Context

Esperstedt is located in what is now Saxony-Anhalt, a region characterized by fertile loess soils which were ideal for early agricultural practices. The area offers a rich natural environment with access to water bodies, forests, and open land, providing a diversity of resources that supported settlements.

Subsistence and Economy

The communities of the LBK were among the first in Central Europe to adopt full-scale agriculture, transitioning from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to practices that included the cultivation of crops and domestication of animals. Key crops included primitive forms of wheat and barley, as well as legumes such as peas and lentils. Livestock, predominantly cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep, supplemented this agricultural base.

This shift to agriculture allowed for more permanent settlements and a reliable food source, which in turn supported population growth and social development. The LBK people were also engaged in some wild food gathering and hunting, which balanced their diet and added variety.

Settlement Patterns

Esperstedt, like many LBK sites, features longhouse settlements. These rectangular, timber-framed structures were sizeable and served multiple functions as homes, storage facilities, and perhaps communal or ritual centers. Settlements typically feature groups of these longhouses positioned with consideration for both communal living and agricultural productivity.

The settlement patterns reveal a mix of centralized village-like structures with extensive surrounding farmland. The layout suggests a degree of social organization and community planning, with infrastructure to support collective activities.

Art and Material Culture

The Linear Pottery Culture is renowned for its distinctive ceramic styles, notably the eponymous linear band decorations on pottery. These ceramics were primarily utilitarian but also served social and perhaps ceremonial purposes. The pottery is often characterized by its precise linear incisions and geometric patterns.

Other artifacts discovered in the region include stone tools, which were carefully crafted using flint and other available stones. Tools such as adzes, axes, and arrowheads highlight the proficiency in tool-making and the importance of both agriculture and hunting in daily life.

Social Structure and Interactions

The LBK communities exhibited social complexity with evidence of trade and interaction across regions. Artifacts suggest contact with distant cultures, facilitated by pathways such as rivers that connected these early societies. Exchange networks likely included goods like flint and the sharing of ideological or cultural practices, leading to social cohesion across broader areas.

Family units probably formed the basic social structure, with potential evidence of hierarchy or elders guiding communal decisions, as suggested by interpretations of settlement layouts and burial practices.

Rituals and Beliefs

While direct evidence is limited, the LBK communities likely practiced rituals linked to agricultural cycles and deity worship, as inferred from burial sites and occasional findings of figurines or symbolic objects. These suggest a belief system intertwined with their agrarian lifestyle, emphasizing fertility and the seasons.

Conclusion

The Middle Neolithic Esperstedt associated with the Linear Pottery Culture offers a window into early European farming life. The blend of agricultural innovation, crafted artifacts, and communal living reflects a pivotal period in human history, marking a transition toward more structured societies and setting the stage for subsequent cultural developments in Neolithic Europe. Through continued archaeological efforts, sites like Esperstedt help unravel the complexities of these early communities and their enduring influence on European prehistory."

Analysis

Genetic comparisons

These comparisons show genetic similarity, not identity or origin. The populations listed are those whose genomes show statistical alignment to this ancient individual.

Similarity reflects shared history, not shared identity. These are analytical comparisons, not claims about who this person was.

Modern Genetic Admixture

This analysis compares the DNA profile with present-day reference populations, showing statistical similarity to modern reference populations from different regions. The excavation site records where this individual was found, not a fixed modern genetic identity.

Europe 96.4%
Southern European 96.4%
Iberian 36.3%
Italian 32.6%
Sardinian 27.2%
Africa 3.6%
North African 3.6%
North African 3.6%

Closest Modern Populations

These are the modern populations showing the closest statistical alignment to A man buried in Germany in the Middle Neolithic era, ranked by genetic distance. Lower distance values indicate closer statistical similarity. Cross-region similarity can reflect shared ancestry, population movement, continuity, or later admixture.

1
Sardinian
2.5757
2
French Corsica
5.5685
3
Spanish La Rioja
6.5049
4
Spanish Murcia
6.6671
5
Spanish Menorca
6.7073
6
Spanish Castilla La Mancha
6.7148
7
Spanish Castello
6.7350
8
Italian Lombardy
6.7801
9
Spanish Andalucia
6.8102
10
Spanish Pirineu
6.8328
Context

Related Samples

This individual exists within a broader network of ancient samples. No ancient genome stands alone.

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N individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6500 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
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N individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6400 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
N individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6500 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Anatolian Neolithic individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6419 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
N individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6224 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
N individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6387 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
N individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6070 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Anatolian Neolithic individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6225 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Anatolian Neolithic individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6223 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
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N individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6500 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
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European Chalcolithic individual, Hungary Late Chalcolithic Baden Culture, Hungary 3320 BCE Apc-Berekalya I, Hungary View
European Neolithic individual, Hungary Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture, Hungary 4496 BCE Apc-Berekalya I, Hungary View
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European Neolithic individual, Hungary Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5211 BCE Apc-Berekalya I, Hungary View
European Neolithic individual, Hungary Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, Hungary 5210 BCE Polgár-Ferenci hát. M3-31, Hungary View
Iberian Chalcolithic individual, Spain Chalcolithic Spain 2900 BCE Burgos. Atapuerca. El Mirador Cave, Spain View
Iberian Chalcolithic individual, Spain Chalcolithic Spain 2900 BCE Burgos. Atapuerca. El Mirador Cave, Spain View
Benzingerode Heimburg Bell Beaker individual, Germany Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Benzingerode-Heimburg, Germany View
MLN individual, Spain Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3900 BCE La Mina, Spain View
Viesenhaeuser Hof EN LBK individual, Germany Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5500 BCE Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart-Mühlhausen. Viesenhaeuser Hof, Germany View
Scythian individual, Russia Questionable Iron Age Scythian, Russia 385 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Volga Steppes. Nadezhdinka, Russia View
Samara LBA Srubnaya individual, Russia Srubnaya Culture 1850 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Barinovka I, Russia View
Samara EBA Yamnaya individual, Russia Early Bronze Samara Yamnaya 3300 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Lopatino II, Russia View
N individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6400 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
Indo-European individual, Germany Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2617 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
Linear Pottery Culture individual, Germany Middle Neolithic Esperstedt, Germany 3363 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
Iberian Neolithic individual, Spain Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3895 BCE La Mina, Spain View
Western European Neolithic individual, Spain Early Neolithic Spain 5309 BCE Els Trocs, Spain View
Unterwiederstedt EN LBK individual, Germany Early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture, Germany 5216 BCE Unterwiederstedt, Germany View
Esperstedt Corded Ware individual, Germany Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2563 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
European Bronze Age individual, Germany Early Bronze Age Unetice Culture, Germany 2137 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
European Neolithic individual, Germany Late Neolithic Alberstedt, Germany 2469 BCE Alberstedt, Germany View
MLN individual, Spain Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3900 BCE La Mina, Spain View
Western European Neolithic individual, Spain Early Neolithic Spain 5298 BCE Els Trocs, Spain View
EN individual, Spain Early Neolithic Spain 5304 BCE Els Trocs, Spain View
Samara LBA Srubnaya individual, Russia Srubnaya Culture 1850 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara Steppes. Rozhdestveno I, Russia View
Chelyabinsk MBA Poltavka individual, Russia Middle Bronze Poltavka 2800 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Nikolaevka III, Russia View
Anatolian Neolithic individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6424 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Iberian Chalcolithic individual, Spain Chalcolithic Spain 2900 BCE Burgos. Atapuerca. El Mirador Cave, Spain View
Eurasian Steppe individual, Russia Middle Bronze Poltavka 2887 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Lopatino II, Russia View
Eurasian Steppe individual, Russia Middle Bronze Poltavka 2871 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Grachevka, Russia View
Indo-European individual, Russia Early Bronze Samara Yamnaya 3020 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Luzkhi I, Russia View
Eurasian Steppe individual, Russia Middle Bronze Poltavka 2131 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Utyevka VI, Russia View
Central European individual, Germany Late Bronze Age Halberstadt, Germany 1202 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
European Bronze Age individual, Germany Early Bronze Age Unetice Culture, Germany 2116 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
Indo-European individual, Germany Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
European Bronze Age individual, Germany Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2404 BCE Rothenschirmbach, Germany View
Anatolian Neolithic individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6008 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
Anatolian Neolithic individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6400 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
Anatolian Neolithic individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6400 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
Anatolian Neolithic individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6381 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Anatolian Neolithic individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6386 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Anatolian Neolithic individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6217 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Anatolian Neolithic individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6221 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Anatolian Neolithic individual, Turkey Neolithic Turkey 6228 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Iberia Ca individual, Spain 2900 BCE Burgos. Atapuerca. El Mirador Cave, Spain View
Poltavka individual, Russia 2887 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Lopatino II, Russia View
Potapovka individual, Russia 2131 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Utyevka VI, Russia View
Yamnaya individual, Russia 3020 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Luzkhi I, Russia View
Iberia Hg individual, Spain 5982 BCE Leon. La Brana-Arintero, Spain View
Corded Ware individual, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
Balkans Lba individual, Hungary 987 BCE Ludas-Varjú dűlő, Hungary View
Ceu Lba individual, Germany 1202 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
Unetice individual, Germany 2116 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
Anatolia N individual, Turkey 6221 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Anatolia N individual, Turkey 6386 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Anatolia N individual, Turkey 6381 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Anatolia N individual, Turkey 6217 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Anatolia N individual, Turkey 6424 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Anatolia N individual, Turkey 6400 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
Anatolia N individual, Turkey 6400 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
Anatolia N individual, Turkey 6228 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Anatolia N individual, Turkey 6008 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
Poltavka individual, Russia 2871 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Grachevka, Russia View
Bell Beaker individual, Germany 2404 BCE Rothenschirmbach, Germany View
Page 1
Individual Culture/Period Date Location Action
Linear Pottery Culture individual, Germany Middle Neolithic Esperstedt, Germany 3363 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
Page 1
Sources

References

Scientific publications and genetic data that inform this profile.

G25 Coordinates

These coordinates represent a position in genetic space, a tool for comparison, not a conclusion. You can use these to perform custom admixture analysis in G25 Studio.

I0172,0.11990254,0.15835588,0.02543886,-0.0388948,0.05604388,-0.01948782,-0.00227814,0.00442154,0.0366456,0.06605752,-0.00373058,0.01389984,-0.02524468,-0.01511562,-0.00985218,0.00353834,0.01389362,0.0003262,0.00020372,-0.00377954,-0.0006691,0.00329414,-0.01156782,-0.01621778,0.00355876
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