An individual buried in China in the era

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Reference library / Sample profile

An individual buried in China in the era

Explore the recorded context, genetic comparisons and research behind this reference sample.

ChinaBronze Age East Asia

A reference profile describes this sample. It does not establish a personal or family relationship.

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AI portrait reconstruction for An individual buried in China in the era
AI-generated artistic reconstruction, not a photograph of the individual.
Record

Sample details

Recorded details and available lineage markers.

Individual

Asia East Ba individual, China

Sample ID: NE61

Date Range

1510 BCE - 1425 BCE

Cultural Period

Bronze Age East Asia

Biological Sex

Not known

mtDNA Haplogroup

D4b1a2a

Y-DNA Haplogroup

Not available

Social Role

Farmer (AI estimate, era-typical)

Geography

Location

Where this individual was discovered

Country China
Locality Amur River Basin
Coordinates 45.8800, 126.2200
Chronology

Date range

When this individual lived in the broader context of human history

Asia East Ba individual, China 1510 BCE - 1425 BCE
Context

Historical context

Background information associated with the reference record.

Overview

Bronze Age East Asia is characterized by the spread and intensification of bronze metallurgy alongside sustained agricultural settlement. Archaeological signatures—especially metal artifacts and distinctive pottery traditions—show both regional diversity and shared technological foundations.

Region & Environment

East Asia encompasses varied environments, from river valleys to plains and surrounding uplands. Many Bronze Age communities were positioned to benefit from alluvial or loess soils and reliable water sources, which supported cereal cultivation and large-scale herding and farming.

Historical Context

Between roughly 2000 and 1000 BCE, bronze-working technologies became more widespread, reflecting changes in craft specialization, access to raw materials, and social organization. East Asia’s Bronze Age does not represent a single uniform polity; rather, it includes multiple regional cultural traditions interacting through exchange.

Populations & Lifeways

Populations were predominantly settled farmers, with domestic animals integrated into production and subsistence strategies. Household and community labor supported agriculture and storage, while metallurgical and craft tasks likely required coordination beyond individual households.

Archaeology & Material Culture

Bronze metallurgy is one of the strongest material markers of the period, appearing in a range of tools and ornaments depending on region and local tradition. Pottery—often with regionally recognizable forms—served for cooking, storage, and serving. Stone and other organic materials remained important, indicating that metal tools complemented rather than wholly replaced earlier technologies.

Culture & Society

Bronze use implies growing specialization and the capacity to mobilize resources for production and distribution. Artifact variability suggests differences in social roles, status display, and local cultural practices, while similarities in some metalworking approaches and artifact categories point to wider connections.

Legacy & Transition

As the Bronze Age progressed toward 1000 BCE, changes in political economy, warfare, and craft organization set the stage for Iron Age developments. The long-term legacy of the Bronze Age includes intensified agriculture, metallurgical know-how, and regional networks that influenced subsequent cultural transitions.

Analysis

Genetic comparisons

These comparisons show genetic similarity, not identity or origin. The populations listed are those whose genomes show statistical alignment to this ancient individual.

Similarity reflects shared history, not shared identity. These are analytical comparisons, not claims about who this person was.

Modern Genetic Admixture

This analysis compares the DNA profile with present-day reference populations, showing statistical similarity to modern reference populations from different regions. The excavation site records where this individual was found, not a fixed modern genetic identity.

Asia 94.8%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 52.0%
Indian 43.7%
Central Asian 4.4%
Pakistan 3.9%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 34.2%
Chinese 26.2%
Tibetan 6.4%
Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma 1.7%
Northern Asian 8.7%
Mongolian 8.7%
Europe 2.6%
Eastern European 1.7%
Eastern European 1.7%
Southern European 0.9%
Sardinian 0.9%
America 1.5%
America 1.5%
Native American 1.5%
Africa 0.6%

Closest Modern Populations

These are the modern populations showing the closest statistical alignment to An individual buried in China in the era, ranked by genetic distance. Lower distance values indicate closer statistical similarity. Cross-region similarity can reflect shared ancestry, population movement, continuity, or later admixture.

1
Nepali Indo Aryan O1
3.0785
2
Newar
3.1174
3
Nyishi
3.6154
Context

Related Samples

This individual exists within a broader network of ancient samples. No ancient genome stands alone.

Individual Culture/Period Date Location Action
Amur River Basin Mesolithic individual, China Mesolithic China 9243 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Amur River Basin N individual, China Early Neolithic China 8175 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Amur River Basin N individual, China Early Neolithic China 7172 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Amur River Basin N individual, China Neolithic China 5471 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Bronze Age China 1510 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Neolithic individual, China Early Neolithic China 7458 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Neolithic individual, China Early Neolithic China 7456 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Paleolithic individual, China Late Paleolithic China 17605 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Paleolithic individual, China Late Paleolithic China 12896 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Paleolithic individual, China Late Paleolithic China 12371 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Paleolithic individual, China Late Paleolithic China 10774 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian individual, China Mesolithic China 8782 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian individual, China Mesolithic China 8740 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian individual, China Mesolithic China 9442 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian individual, China Mesolithic China 8810 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 4448 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 4999 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 5210 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 6375 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 4445 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 6690 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 6465 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 4990 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 5210 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Paleolithic individual, China Paleolithic China 32159 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Palaeolithic individual, China 32159 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East Hg individual, China 17605 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East Hg individual, China 12896 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Late Paleolithic individual, China 12371 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Late Paleolithic individual, China 10774 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Mesolithic individual, China 9442 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East En individual, China 8810 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Mesolithic individual, China 8782 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Mesolithic individual, China 8740 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East En individual, China 7458 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East En individual, China 7456 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Neolithic individual, China 6690 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East En individual, China 6465 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East En individual, China 6375 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East Mn individual, China 5210 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East Mn individual, China 4999 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East Ba individual, China 1510 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Amur River Basin Late Paleolithic individual, China 10812 BCE Zhaodong on the northern bank of the Songhua River (Amur River Basin, southwest Heilongjiang Province, Songnen Plain), China View
Amur River Basin N individual, China 4457 BCE Zhaodong on the northern bank of the Songhua River (Amur River Basin, southwest Heilongjiang Province, Songnen Plain), China View
Amur River Basin Late Paleolithic individual, China 12462 BCE Zhaodong on the northern bank of the Songhua River (Amur River Basin, southwest Heilongjiang Province, Songnen Plain), China View
Page 1
Individual Culture/Period Date Location Action
Asia East Ba individual, China 1510 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Page 1
Sources

References

Scientific publications and genetic data that inform this profile.

G25 Coordinates

These coordinates represent a position in genetic space, a tool for comparison, not a conclusion. You can use these to perform custom admixture analysis in G25 Studio.

NE61,0.03538238,-0.2583136,-0.06051442,0.03131392,-0.02862922,0.02805672,0.00333698,0.00922806,0.02565768,0.02489034,-0.03449948,-0.0022605,0.00334136,0.00298856,-0.00831122,-0.00763544,-0.00176466,-0.00250204,-0.00038496,0.0047019,0.00282852,0.00692576,0.00128566,0.00385334,0.01037734
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