A man buried in China in the Early Neolithic era

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Reference library / Sample profile

A man buried in China in the Early Neolithic era

Explore the recorded context, genetic comparisons and research behind this reference sample.

ChinaEarly Neolithic China

A reference profile describes this sample. It does not establish a personal or family relationship.

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AI portrait reconstruction for A man buried in China in the Early Neolithic era
AI-generated artistic reconstruction, not a photograph of the individual.
Record

Sample details

Recorded details and available lineage markers.

Individual

East Asian Neolithic individual, China

Sample ID: NE45

Date Range

7458 BCE - 7088 BCE

Cultural Period

Early Neolithic China

Biological Sex

Male

mtDNA Haplogroup

G1a1a

Y-DNA Haplogroup

P

Social Role

Gatherer (AI estimate, era-typical)

Geography

Location

Where this individual was discovered

Country China
Locality Amur River Basin
Coordinates 45.7100, 126.8800
Chronology

Date range

When this individual lived in the broader context of human history

East Asian Neolithic individual, China 7458 BCE - 7088 BCE
Context

Historical context

Background information associated with the reference record.

Region & Environment

Early Neolithic China is understood across diverse parts of the Chinese landscape, particularly where river systems and fertile areas supported consistent food production. Environmental conditions varied by latitude and topography, influencing crop choices, settlement placement, and how communities managed seasonal changes.

Some regions would have offered reliable access to water for cultivation and fishing, while nearby uplands and steppe margins could have constrained agriculture and encouraged complementary strategies. These differences shaped local settlement density and the pace of cultural change.

Historical Context

In the 8th–early 5th millennia BCE, communities in East Asia increasingly relied on cultivation and intensified food procurement, alongside hunting and gathering when needed. Large-scale shifts in subsistence typically occurred gradually and at different rates in different areas.

By the later part of this span, long-term settlement and specialized household production were more evident, and regional traditions in pottery and toolkits became clearer, reflecting both shared experiences and local adaptation.

Populations & Lifeways

Most people lived in agrarian communities with household-based production. Diets were likely mixed—combining cultivated plants with animal resources gathered through hunting, fishing, and possibly early livestock keeping in some settings.

Seasonal labor schedules mattered, and settlement size may have remained modest in many places, though some sites show long-term occupation. Social organization is inferred indirectly: repeated construction and burial practices suggest shared norms, but the evidence for highly ranked elites is generally limited in Early Neolithic contexts.

Analysis

Genetic comparisons

These comparisons show genetic similarity, not identity or origin. The populations listed are those whose genomes show statistical alignment to this ancient individual.

Similarity reflects shared history, not shared identity. These are analytical comparisons, not claims about who this person was.

Modern Genetic Admixture

This analysis compares the DNA profile with present-day reference populations, showing statistical similarity to modern reference populations from different regions. The excavation site records where this individual was found, not a fixed modern genetic identity.

Asia 96.2%
Japanese & Korean 37.4%
Japanese 37.4%
Northern Asian 31.8%
Mongolian 21.0%
Siberian 10.8%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 27.0%
Chinese 18.9%
Tibetan 8.1%
Oceania 2.5%
Melanesian 2.5%
Papuan 2.5%
America 0.7%
America 0.7%
Native American 0.7%
Africa 0.6%
West African 0.6%

Closest Modern Populations

These are the modern populations showing the closest statistical alignment to A man buried in China in the Early Neolithic era, ranked by genetic distance. Lower distance values indicate closer statistical similarity. Cross-region similarity can reflect shared ancestry, population movement, continuity, or later admixture.

1
Xibo
3.1484
2
Hezhen
3.5008
3
Mongola
3.9358
4
Daur
4.0259
5
Mongol IMAR
6.3278
6
Korean Antu
6.7039
7
Korean
6.9205
8
Yugur
7.0038
9
Tu
7.2089
10
Oroqen
7.3320
Context

Related Samples

This individual exists within a broader network of ancient samples. No ancient genome stands alone.

Individual Culture/Period Date Location Action
Amur River Basin Mesolithic individual, China Mesolithic China 9243 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Amur River Basin N individual, China Early Neolithic China 8175 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Amur River Basin N individual, China Early Neolithic China 7172 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Amur River Basin N individual, China Neolithic China 5471 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Bronze Age China 1510 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Neolithic individual, China Early Neolithic China 7458 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Neolithic individual, China Early Neolithic China 7456 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Paleolithic individual, China Late Paleolithic China 17605 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Paleolithic individual, China Late Paleolithic China 12896 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Paleolithic individual, China Late Paleolithic China 12371 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Paleolithic individual, China Late Paleolithic China 10774 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian individual, China Mesolithic China 8782 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian individual, China Mesolithic China 8740 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian individual, China Mesolithic China 9442 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian individual, China Mesolithic China 8810 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 4448 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 4999 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 5210 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 6375 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 4445 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 6690 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 6465 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 4990 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Ancient Chinese Civilization individual, China Neolithic China 5210 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Paleolithic individual, China Paleolithic China 32159 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Palaeolithic individual, China 32159 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East Hg individual, China 17605 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East Hg individual, China 12896 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Late Paleolithic individual, China 12371 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Late Paleolithic individual, China 10774 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Mesolithic individual, China 9442 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East En individual, China 8810 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Mesolithic individual, China 8782 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Mesolithic individual, China 8740 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East En individual, China 7458 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East En individual, China 7456 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Neolithic individual, China 6690 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East En individual, China 6465 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East En individual, China 6375 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East Mn individual, China 5210 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East Mn individual, China 4999 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Asia East Ba individual, China 1510 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Amur River Basin Late Paleolithic individual, China 10812 BCE Zhaodong on the northern bank of the Songhua River (Amur River Basin, southwest Heilongjiang Province, Songnen Plain), China View
Amur River Basin N individual, China 4457 BCE Zhaodong on the northern bank of the Songhua River (Amur River Basin, southwest Heilongjiang Province, Songnen Plain), China View
Amur River Basin Late Paleolithic individual, China 12462 BCE Zhaodong on the northern bank of the Songhua River (Amur River Basin, southwest Heilongjiang Province, Songnen Plain), China View
Page 1
Individual Culture/Period Date Location Action
Amur River Basin N individual, China Early Neolithic China 8175 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Amur River Basin N individual, China Early Neolithic China 7172 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Neolithic individual, China Early Neolithic China 7458 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
East Asian Neolithic individual, China Early Neolithic China 7456 BCE Amur River Basin, China View
Page 1
Sources

References

Scientific publications and genetic data that inform this profile.

G25 Coordinates

These coordinates represent a position in genetic space, a tool for comparison, not a conclusion. You can use these to perform custom admixture analysis in G25 Studio.

NE45,0.02819566,-0.44439954,0.0369644,-0.05161896,-0.00028624,-0.00726942,0.00772408,0.00886032,-0.0019733,0.00870958,-0.04008086,-0.00581358,0.00819544,-0.00408018,-0.01102504,0.0002855,-0.00114504,-0.00119084,0.00787968,0.00593,0.01331808,-0.00760152,0.00012956,0.0037474,0.00617343
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