Layers in the sand: The genetic imprint of migration, culture, and Indus craft in the Thar desert.

The Thar Desert of Northwestern India, despite its harsh ecology, has sustained settlement of ancient crafts and pastoral communities. Their persistence provides a unique opportunity to study how migration, ecology, and culture have shaped genetic diversity. We analyzed genome-wide SNP data from 176 individuals across eight occupational communities along with global, Indian populations and diverse ancient-genomes. Population history, ancestral migration, population structure, demography, admixture, and founder-effects were elucidated using diverse population genetic statistical methods. The Thar groups occupy an intermediate position on the Indian North-South cline. Pastoralists and artisans (woodcarvers and Persian gold-embossers) with West Eurasian lineages, while potters and performers align with southern clines. Uniparental data confirmed heterogeneous Indian lineages. Gene-culture co-evolution was evident from the lactase-persistence allele being higher in pastoralists but lower in gold-embossers despite shared ancestry. Noteworthy, despite the desert environment, the populations retain a high frequency of the SLC24A5 allele associated with lighter skin-pigmentation in Europeans. Demographic analyses indicate an admixture of 60-80 Generation-before-present and strong founder-effects in certain groups, particularly tie-and-dye and Persian migrant-artisans ∼500-600 years ago. aDNA comparisons confirmed continuity with the Indus-periphery and historical South Asian populations. The genetic landscape of the Thar is a palimpsest shaped by successive layers of settlement, migration, and cultural continuity. By establishing the genomic baseline of Thar's craft and pastoral communities, this study shows how ecology and endogamy, along with population history, shape distinct genetic landscapes. These findings provide essential context for studying genetic risk, adaptation, and human resilience in extreme environments.