Multi-isotope analysis reconstructs termite feeding in chimpanzees.

Multi-isotope analyses of extant and extinct animals provide key insights into dietary ecology. Here, we examined mineral-bound nitrogen isotopes alongside carbonate carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios in tooth enamel from sympatric chimpanzees, other primates (yellow baboons, red-tailed, and red colobus monkeys), herbivores, omnivores, and a radicivore from the miombo woodlands of the Issa Valley, Tanzania. Chimpanzees occupy a distinct isotopic niche characterized by low nitrogen and carbon isotope values and enriched oxygen isotope values relative to other primates. This unique isotopic niche likely reflects their reliance on termites as a major source of dietary protein. Our data indicate that termites contribute substantially to the chimpanzee’s nitrogen intake (at least 50%), consistent with nitrogen isotope values of chimpanzees. These findings from woodland-dwelling primates demonstrate the power of multi-isotope approaches for reconstructing modern and past dietary ecology and highlight their potential for interpreting ancient diets, including those of hominins.