Historical Populations Report
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Preparing your genetic similarity report
Analyzing your genetic similarity to historical reference populations...
Comparing your sample with historical reference populations
Historical Populations V2
This report compares your DNA with historical reference populations from the Common Era. It presents statistical genetic similarity, not proof of genealogy, ethnicity, nationality, or identity.
Strongest similarity
Northwestern European
76.5%
Threshold bands are interpretation aids. They are not confidence scores and do not establish direct descent.
Chapter I
Search, compare, and filter the historical reference populations represented in your result.
Try a broader search or lower the signal threshold.
Chapter II
Select a population in the ranked list or on the map to open the same historical dossier.
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Chapter III
Curated events are shown only when they are attached to populations in this result set.
0 to 475
Civilization · Northwestern European
Roman troops, administrators, and merchants from diverse Mediterranean provinces settled in towns and forts along the Rhine and in Gaul, mixing with local Celtic and Germanic groups. Urbanization and veteran colonies introduced southern European lineages into the regional gene pool.
Source confidence: high0 to 400
Migration · Northwestern European
Soldiers and administrators from Italy, Iberia, the Balkans, and the Levant settled in forts and towns, marrying locals. This introduced Mediterranean-affiliated lineages into Celtic and Germanic populations.
Source confidence: high0 to 106
Civilization · Levantine
Caravan trade and urbanization linked Arabian tribes with Aramaic-speaking locals, promoting admixture along southern Levantine corridors. Limited but persistent Arabian-associated lineages entered coastal and highland communities.
Source confidence: medium0 to 300
Migration · Levantine
Veteran colonies, merchants, and administrators settled in coastal and inland cities, marrying locals and bringing Mediterranean genetic diversity. Slave movements added additional lineages from Europe and North Africa.
Source confidence: medium0 to 800
Migration · South East African
Bantu-speaking farmers and herders became demographically dominant, with admixture into resident forager and fisher populations. Iron-working and agriculture supported sustained population growth.
Source confidence: high0 to 439
Civilization · North African
Veteran colonies and urban centers brought Mediterranean settlers (Italian, Iberian, Gallic) who admixed with Amazigh populations. Gene flow was strongest in coastal cities and fertile inland zones.
Source confidence: high0 to 641
Civilization · North African
Continuous influx of soldiers, administrators, and merchants from the Eastern Mediterranean fostered admixture with local Egyptians. Greek and Levantine communities in Alexandria contributed to a cosmopolitan gene pool.
Source confidence: high0 to 525
Civilization · Arabian
State consolidation and Red Sea commerce fostered mixing among South Arabian groups and introduced limited Horn of Africa and Mediterranean gene flow into coastal communities.
Source confidence: high0 to 2000
Migration · Arabian
Persistent two-way crossings produced Horn of Africa admixture in western and southern Arabian coasts and reciprocal Arabian ancestry in the Horn.
Source confidence: high0 to 2000
Migration · Arabian
Seasonal mobility and periodic expansions redistributed lineages across the peninsula, promoting gene flow among tribes and between nomads and oasis dwellers.
Source confidence: high0 to 1300
Migration · Chinese
Successive waves of Han settlers mixed with Yue, Tai-Kadai, Hmong-Mien, and Austronesian-related groups. This created north–south ancestry clines across southern China.
Source confidence: high0 to 476
Civilization · Sardinian
Introduced diverse mainland Italian and broader Mediterranean lineages via soldiers, colonists, and slaves. Urban centers fostered admixture with existing Punic- and Nuragic-descended populations.
Source confidence: high0 to 300
Migration · Sardinian
Brought diverse Italian and provincial lineages and slaves, increasing heterogeneity in urban centers. Admixture gradually diffused into surrounding communities.
Source confidence: high0 to 200
Migration · Sardinian
Maintained and modestly augmented Maghreb–Levantine ancestry in southwest coastal communities. Signals persist in some lineages associated with Phoenician/Punic heritage.
Source confidence: medium0 to 1000
Migration · African Hunter-Gatherer
Agricultural pioneers intermarried with rainforest foragers (Aka, Baka, Mbuti), creating widespread Bantu–forager admixture. Patterns are often sex-biased with forager maternal lineages persisting.
Source confidence: high0 to 1500
Migration · African Hunter-Gatherer
Bantu farmers spread across eastern and southern Africa, admixing with Hadza/Sandawe and Khoe–San populations. Hunter-gatherer ancestry persisted at variable levels, especially in frontier zones.
Source confidence: high0 to 1200
Migration · African Hunter-Gatherer
Pastoralists carrying East African and minor Eurasian-related ancestry moved south, introducing herding and gene flow into Khoe–San groups. This event contributed to mixed pastoralist–forager genomes in the Kalahari and Cape regions.
Source confidence: high0 to 1000
Migration · African Hunter-Gatherer
Southern Cushitic speakers moved into Tanzania, admixing with local populations and indirectly with forager groups such as the Sandawe. This contributed Afroasiatic-related ancestry components to the regional gene pool.
Source confidence: medium0 to 2000
Migration · African Hunter-Gatherer
Persistent exchange and marriage ties produced continuous, often sex-biased gene flow between foragers and neighboring farmers. This maintained distinctive maternal lineages while increasing shared autosomal ancestry.
Source confidence: high0 to 225
Civilization · Indian
Integrated diverse Deccan populations via administrative and trade networks linking interior and coastal zones. Promoted admixture among Dravidian- and Indo-Aryan–speaking communities.
Source confidence: medium0 to 1500
Migration · Indian
Introduced East Asian-related ancestry and languages across the northeastern hills and valleys. Subsequent admixture with local groups shaped present-day genetic diversity.
Source confidence: high0 to 500
Migration · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Brought Austronesian languages and ancestry into western and central Indonesia, mixing with pre-existing hunter-gatherer and Papuan-related groups, especially east of Wallace’s Line. Coastal hubs maintained ongoing gene flow among islands.
Source confidence: high0 to 395
Civilization · Egyptian
Garrisons, officials, merchants, and settlers from Italy, Greece, Anatolia, and the Levant formed urban communities, especially in Alexandria and the Delta. Their integration and slave movements introduced additional Mediterranean ancestry into coastal and riverine populations.
Source confidence: high0 to 641
Migration · Egyptian
Urban merchants, artisans, soldiers, and enslaved persons from across the Mediterranean settled mainly in Alexandria and the Delta, reinforcing Mediterranean genetic affinities. Their admixture was concentrated in coastal and urban populations.
Source confidence: high0 to 1600
Civilization · Papuan
Austronesian-speaking communities established coastal settlements and trading hubs, introducing Asian-related Austronesian ancestry into Papuan coastal groups. Admixture clines and sex-biased gene flow became widespread along littoral zones.
Source confidence: high0 to 1900
Civilization · Papuan
Sustained maritime links connected Papuan south-coast groups with Torres Strait Islanders and Cape York communities. This enabled bi-directional gene flow linking Papuan and Australian Aboriginal-related ancestries.
Source confidence: medium0 to 1200
Migration · Papuan
Incoming Austronesian speakers settled coastal zones and intermarried with Papuan groups. This produced widespread coastal admixture and sex-biased ancestry patterns.
Source confidence: high0 to 1900
Migration · Papuan
Maritime exchange and marriages linked Torres Strait Islanders with Papuan south-coast groups. The result is bidirectional gene flow connecting Papuan and Australian Aboriginal-related ancestries.
Source confidence: medium6 to 395
Civilization · Levantine
Military colonies, veterans, administrators, and slaves from Italy, the Balkans, Anatolia, and North Africa settled in cities and garrisons. Urban networks fostered widespread gene flow from across the Mediterranean into Levantine populations.
Source confidence: high25 to 220
Civilization · Chinese
Expansion of Han agrarian colonies into the south and northwest fostered admixture with Yue and Qiang/Tibetan-related groups. Soldier-farmer settlements reinforced northern ancestry in frontier zones.
Source confidence: high30 to 375
Civilization · Indian
Introduced Central Asian lineages into northwest India through military colonies and urban centers. Subsequent intermarriage with local groups left detectable signals in the region.
Source confidence: medium50 to 300
Migration · Indian
Brought Central Asian ancestry into northwest India through garrisons and urban communities. Subsequent assimilation spread these lineages locally.
Source confidence: medium100 to 550
Civilization · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Maritime trade hubs linked South and Southeast Asia, introducing limited South Asian ancestry into coastal Austroasiatic populations via intermarriage. Urban aggregation likely increased mixing among Mekong delta groups.
Source confidence: medium200 to 1500
Migration · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Introduced South Asian autosomal and paternal lineages to coastal Malay and Javanese communities through merchant settlement and intermarriage. Admixture signals are strongest in port towns along the Strait of Malacca and Java Sea.
Source confidence: medium260 to 1250
Civilization · Northwestern European
Alemannic groups settled the Upper Rhine and Alsace, establishing continuity with later Swabian polities. This produced lasting Alemannic genetic and dialectal zones across the Rhine valley.
Source confidence: medium260 to 536
Migration · Northwestern European
Alemannic pastoral and agrarian groups established enduring communities west and east of the Upper Rhine. Their influx created a coherent Alemannic genetic and linguistic zone.
Source confidence: medium300 to 530
Civilization · Arabian
Nomadic-pastoral consolidation increased gene flow across central and southern Arabia through alliances, warfare, and seasonal mobility.
Source confidence: medium300 to 900
Migration · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Movement of Mon communities spread Austroasiatic ancestry into central and northern Thai valleys. Subsequent Tai arrivals created long-term Mon–Tai admixture.
Source confidence: medium300 to 1300
Migration · Egyptian
Seasonal and permanent movements across the Aswan frontier facilitated gene flow from Nubian and other Northeast African groups into Upper Egyptian communities. The impact is most evident in southern populations along the Nile.
Source confidence: high304 to 589
Migration · Chinese
Conflict-driven movements increased northern ancestry in the Lower Yangtze. These influxes accelerated cultural and genetic sinicization of local populations.
Source confidence: high320 to 550
Civilization · Indian
Political unification facilitated internal mobility of artisans, soldiers, and administrators. Resulted in increased regional admixture within North India with limited external input.
Source confidence: high350 to 1276
Civilization · Egyptian
Cross-border settlement and marriage among Nubians and Egyptians around Aswan and the Nile cataracts facilitated south–north gene flow. This contributed additional Northeast African ancestry, most evident in Upper Egypt.
Source confidence: medium386 to 534
Civilization · Chinese
Xianbei rule introduced steppe-derived East Asian ancestry into North China. State-orchestrated relocations and intermarriage accelerated admixture and cultural assimilation.
Source confidence: high395 to 636
Civilization · Levantine
Continuity from Eastern Rome brought further Anatolian and Balkan movement into towns and monasteries. Church networks and garrisons sustained interregional marriage and modest additional Mediterranean/Anatolian genetic inputs.
Source confidence: high395 to 641
Civilization · Egyptian
Eastern Mediterranean administrative and monastic networks sustained Greek- and Syriac-speaking communities. Movements of soldiers, clerics, and merchants reinforced prior Mediterranean genetic inputs, particularly in urban centers.
Source confidence: high400 to 600
Migration · Northwestern European
Frankish groups moved into northern Gaul, establishing rule and intermarrying with Gallo-Roman communities. This blended Germanic and Romance ancestries across the frontier.
Source confidence: high429 to 534
Civilization · North African
A Germanic elite settled in urban and coastal areas, introducing limited northern European ancestry. Overall demographic impact was modest but detectable in coastal lineages.
Source confidence: medium429 to 534
Migration · North African
Germanic settlers formed a ruling stratum and intermarried in coastal centers, contributing limited northern European ancestry to local gene pools.
Source confidence: medium443 to 1477
Civilization · Northwestern European
Burgundian settlement and subsequent regional states layered a Germanic component onto eastern Gaul. Over centuries, intermarriage blended Burgundian and Gallo-Roman populations.
Source confidence: medium443 to 534
Migration · Northwestern European
Burgundian warriors and families settled as federates and rulers in eastern Gaul. Their integration added a Germanic component to local populations that was later blended through intermarriage.
Source confidence: medium450 to 888
Civilization · Northwestern European
Frankish expansion and consolidation integrated Germanic settlers with Gallo-Roman populations. Elite dominance and rural colonization fostered broad admixture across the French–German frontier.
Source confidence: high450 to 600
Migration · Indian
Limited settlement and elite integration introduced a small Central Asian component in parts of northwest India. Overall demographic impact was modest.
Source confidence: low456 to 534
Civilization · Sardinian
Limited input from Germanic and North African groups through garrisons and administrators. Likely male-biased and short-lived, leaving a small genetic imprint.
Source confidence: medium456 to 534
Migration · Sardinian
Introduced small amounts of Germanic and North African ancestry via male-skewed garrisons. Limited persistence due to brief rule and later reconquest.
Source confidence: medium500 to 1900
Migration · Arabian
Ajam and Huwala merchants and settlers introduced Iranian-related ancestry along the Gulf, with diffusion inland through marriage and patronage ties.
Source confidence: high500 to 1750
Migration · Indian
Small communities retained Levantine ancestry with admixture from local populations. Genetic signatures persist due to partial endogamy.
Source confidence: medium525 to 570
Civilization · Arabian
Aksumite garrisons and merchants settled locally, contributing Horn of Africa ancestry to Yemeni coastal and adjacent highland populations.
Source confidence: high525 to 570
Migration · Arabian
Military settlers and administrators from the Horn of Africa contributed East African ancestry, especially along Yemen’s coastal-lowland belt.
Source confidence: medium533 to 698
Civilization · North African
Reintegration into the Eastern Mediterranean sphere restored flows of Greek, Levantine, and Anatolian personnel. Admixture layered onto existing Romanized Amazigh populations in port cities.
Source confidence: medium534 to 900
Civilization · Sardinian
Small Eastern Mediterranean (Greek/Anatolian) inputs via officials, soldiers, and clergy. Admixture concentrated in towns, with rural interiors remaining relatively isolated.
Source confidence: medium534 to 900
Migration · Sardinian
Added modest Eastern Mediterranean input concentrated in administrative and ecclesiastical hubs. Rural interiors remained comparatively isolated.
Source confidence: medium550 to 800
Civilization · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Consolidation of inland Austroasiatic-speaking groups around the Mekong facilitated gene flow among Khmer-related populations and with neighboring highlanders. Elite integration likely spread Khmer-affiliated lineages.
Source confidence: medium550 to 1000
Civilization · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Mon-speaking communities established urban centers, contributing Austroasiatic ancestry to central Thai populations. Subsequent incorporation by Tai states produced sustained admixture with incoming Tai groups.
Source confidence: medium570 to 630
Civilization · Arabian
Iranian administrators and soldiers established colonies in ports and oases, introducing Persian Gulf-related lineages that partly assimilated via marriage.
Source confidence: medium581 to 618
Civilization · Chinese
Political unification and canal connectivity increased mobility between northern and southern populations. Population movements promoted mixing across previously separated gene pools.
Source confidence: medium600 to 900
Migration · Chinese
Central and West Asian lineages entered corridor and urban populations, leaving minor but detectable western Eurasian signals. Many descendants assimilated into Han and Hui communities.
Source confidence: medium600 to 1500
Migration · Indian
Male-mediated West Asian gene flow entered coastal Muslim communities (e.g., Mappila, Bohra, Khoja). Admixture signals are strongest in port cities.
Source confidence: high611 to 628
Civilization · Levantine
Brief Sasanian control introduced garrisons and administrators from Iran and the Caucasus. Lasting genetic impact was likely small and localized around occupied cities.
Source confidence: low618 to 907
Civilization · Chinese
Cosmopolitan Silk Road cities received Turkic, Sogdian, and Persian immigrants who admixed into urban and corridor populations. Expansion and garrisons also spread Han lineages and fostered mixing in the northwest and southwest.
Source confidence: high630 to 800
Migration · Levantine
Conquest-era tribal garrisons and their families settled across the Levant, intermarrying with local populations. This established enduring Arabian-associated ancestry components in many communities.
Source confidence: high630 to 850
Migration · Chinese
Consolidated Tibetan-related ancestry and mixed with Tang settlers and Qiangic groups. This shaped modern Tibetan, Amdo, and adjacent highland gene pools.
Source confidence: medium632 to 750
Civilization · Arabian
Mass tribal mobilization and new settlements spread central Arabian lineages while drawing in people from the Levant and Mesopotamia through military, administrative, and familial ties.
Source confidence: high632 to 900
Migration · Arabian
Administrators, scholars, and soldiers moved into Arabian centers during early Islam, adding Levantine and Mesopotamian ancestry particularly in the Hejaz and Gulf.
Source confidence: medium634 to 661
Civilization · Levantine
Conquest and organized tribal settlement from Arabia established new Arab communities and accelerated Arabicization. Admixture occurred through intermarriage and conversion within towns and rural districts.
Source confidence: high639 to 750
Civilization · North African
Arab garrisons and settlers established new towns and tribal quarters, introducing Southwest Asian ancestry. Admixture with Amazigh and Coptic communities accompanied the spread of Arabic and Islam.
Source confidence: high639 to 800
Migration · North African
Introduced Southwest Asian ancestry with male-biased inputs in garrison towns. Admixture with Amazigh and Coptic populations underpinned the emergence of Arabic-speaking communities.
Source confidence: high639 to 969
Civilization · Egyptian
Arab tribal settlers and administrators from Arabia and the Levant founded Fustat and rural garrisons. Admixture with local Copts and ongoing Levantine links introduced Arabian and broader Eastern Mediterranean ancestry.
Source confidence: high639 to 1000
Migration · Egyptian
Migration of Arab tribes, garrisons, and administrators introduced Arabian and Levantine ancestry, with male-biased inputs into patrilines. Assimilation with Coptic populations spread these components broadly, strongest in northern and urban locales.
Source confidence: high650 to 1300
Civilization · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Maritime entrepôts facilitated sustained South Asian, Arab, and Chinese gene flow into Malay-Austronesian coastal groups. Mobility within the thalassocracy mixed Sumatran, Javanese, and Bornean populations.
Source confidence: high661 to 750
Civilization · Levantine
The Damascus-centered state consolidated earlier Arab settlement and drew people from Arabia, Iraq, and beyond into the Levant. Court, army, and trade networks fostered gene flow among Arab, local Levantine, and other West Asian groups.
Source confidence: high700 to 1900
Migration · Levantine
Trans-Saharan and Red Sea routes brought Africans to Levantine ports and cities; many assimilated over generations. This contributed low-to-moderate Sub-Saharan and Nilotic ancestry in some coastal and urban groups.
Source confidence: medium700 to 1900
Migration · North African
Sustained movements introduced substantial sub-Saharan ancestry, particularly in oasis zones and urban centers; maternal lineages show pronounced signals from this period.
Source confidence: high700 to 1900
Migration · Arabian
Enslaved Africans and their descendants integrated into coastal and urban societies, leaving notable African ancestry, often via maternal lines, in many littoral populations.
Source confidence: high700 to 2000
Migration · Arabian
A steady stream of pilgrims remained in the holy cities, creating a highly mixed urban gene pool that reflects broad Afro-Eurasian origins.
Source confidence: high700 to 1600
Migration · Chinese
Admixture of foreign Muslim lineages with Han and other local groups created Hui populations with predominantly East Asian ancestry and minor western Eurasian components. Community endogamy maintained distinct identity.
Source confidence: high700 to 1100
Migration · Indian
Established endogamous communities retaining Iranian-related ancestry with subsequent admixture from local Gujaratis. Genetic distinctiveness persists alongside South Asian components.
Source confidence: high700 to 1600
Migration · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Tai-speaking groups admixed with Mon-Khmer and other local populations, forming the core of Thai and Shan gene pools. Elite-state formation amplified Tai ancestry in lowland valleys.
Source confidence: high700 to 1200
Migration · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Consolidated Tibeto-Burman ancestry with local Pyu and Mon groups in central Myanmar. Established demographic cores that continued to absorb neighboring populations.
Source confidence: high700 to 1880
Migration · Egyptian
Centuries of enslaved and manumitted individuals from the Sahel and Central Africa contributed sub-Saharan ancestry to both urban and rural Egyptian gene pools. Gene flow was often female-biased in domestic contexts and male-biased in military cohorts.
Source confidence: high738 to 1253
Civilization · Chinese
Integration of Bai, Yi, and Tai groups with migrants from Tang and Song produced distinctive southwest Chinese admixture. Subsequent Mongol conquest added steppe components to Yunnanese populations.
Source confidence: medium750 to 969
Civilization · Levantine
Though the imperial center moved east, garrisons, officials, and merchants continued to circulate between Iraq, Egypt, and the Levant. These links maintained West Asian and Nile-to-Levant genetic exchanges.
Source confidence: medium750 to 1258
Civilization · Arabian
Pilgrimage, scholarship, and Gulf commerce increased inflow from Iraq, Iran, and the wider Islamic world; enslaved and merchant populations added diversity to coastal and holy cities.
Source confidence: high750 to 1174
Civilization · Indian
Buddhist scholastic and trade networks linked Bengal to the Himalayas and Southeast Asia, fostering movement of monks and artisans. Regional urbanization encouraged admixture within eastern India.
Source confidence: medium752 to 1045
Civilization · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
State formation and shifts of population centers within Java promoted mixing among Javanese communities and with Balinese. Limited South Asian inputs arrived via religious and trade ties.
Source confidence: medium800 to 950
Migration · Northwestern European
Viking groups settled and assimilated, contributing Scandinavian male-line ancestry while adopting local customs and language. The result was a mixed Norse–Frankish population base.
Source confidence: high800 to 1506
Migration · South East African
Maritime settlers and merchants intermarried with coastal Bantu communities, introducing West Asian ancestry and Islamic cultural affiliations.
Source confidence: high800 to 909
Civilization · North African
Further Arabization of coastal Tunisia and expansion into Sicily facilitated bidirectional movement of people across the central Mediterranean. Urban centers saw continued mixing of Amazigh, Arab, and Mediterranean groups.
Source confidence: medium800 to 1800
Migration · African Hunter-Gatherer
Nilotic groups expanded southward, interacting with and sometimes absorbing local foragers on the savanna–forest margins. Resulting gene flow is detectable in adjacent agro-pastoral populations and some forager neighbors.
Source confidence: medium800 to 1800
Migration · Indian
Brought sub-Saharan African ancestry to coastal and Deccan regions through slave trade and military service. Enduring communities show substantial African-derived components.
Source confidence: high802 to 1431
Civilization · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
State projects and warfare drove internal relocations and assimilation of Mon, Cham, and Tai groups into Khmer cores. These movements increased regional genetic connectivity across the Mekong basin.
Source confidence: high849 to 1297
Civilization · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Bamar expansion integrated Pyu and Mon populations, consolidating Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic ancestries in central Myanmar. Monastic networks and urban growth fostered continued mixing along the Irrawaddy.
Source confidence: high850 to 1279
Civilization · Indian
Maritime power expanded port cities and guild networks, attracting foreign merchants and migrants. Coastal communities show signals of admixture facilitated by long-distance trade.
Source confidence: medium900 to 1300
Migration · Northwestern European
Founding communities established enduring Jewish populations with characteristic founder effects and endogamy. These groups later dispersed eastward but left a detectable regional legacy.
Source confidence: high900 to 1323
Civilization · Sardinian
Local rule sustained endogamy and continuity of earlier lineages, preserving regional substructure. External inputs occurred mainly through elite marriages and merchants.
Source confidence: medium907 to 1125
Civilization · Chinese
Khitan elites and settlers introduced steppe ancestry into northeast China and adjacent plains. Dual administration and intermarriage produced localized admixture with Han and other groups.
Source confidence: medium907 to 1125
Migration · Chinese
Introduced Khitan-related steppe ancestry into northeast and northern frontier populations. Admixture occurred via garrisons and mixed households.
Source confidence: medium909 to 1171
Civilization · North African
Kutama Berber armies and administrators moved east to Egypt, increasing Maghreb–Egypt gene flow. Slave-soldiers and servants from sub-Saharan Africa and Eurasia added diversity to urban populations.
Source confidence: high911 to 1204
Civilization · Northwestern European
Scandinavian settlers became a dominant elite that integrated with local populations. Male-line Scandinavian input persisted while overall admixture aligned Normandy with northern France.
Source confidence: medium960 to 1279
Civilization · Chinese
A demographic center shift to the south intensified admixture between Han migrants and indigenous Tai-Kadai, Hmong-Mien, and Austronesian-related populations. Maritime and inland trade sustained limited additional inputs.
Source confidence: high962 to 1806
Civilization · Northwestern European
Imperial networks of cities, monasteries, and armies promoted mobility of artisans, merchants, and soldiers. This facilitated gene flow among regional German-speaking and Romance-speaking communities.
Source confidence: high967 to 1916
Civilization · Arabian
Continuous Hajj-centered settlement by pilgrims and scholars from Africa and Asia created a cosmopolitan gene pool in Hejazi urban centers.
Source confidence: high969 to 1099
Civilization · Levantine
Administration and garrisons from Egypt and the Maghreb, along with slave-soldier imports from Africa and the Caucasus, added small North African and African-associated components to coastal and urban populations.
Source confidence: medium969 to 1171
Civilization · Egyptian
Berber and other Maghrebi contingents accompanied the Fatimids, while slave-soldier and domestic networks brought sub-Saharan and Caucasus individuals to Cairo. These streams modestly diversified urban gene pools, especially in Fustat/Cairo.
Source confidence: medium987 to 1589
Civilization · Northwestern European
State consolidation and growth of towns drove internal migration and mixing across northern France. Integration of Burgundy and Champagne linked eastern French populations to the frontier zone.
Source confidence: medium1000 to 1506
Civilization · South East African
Coastal communities show admixture between Bantu-speaking groups and migrants of Arab and Persian origin, with male-mediated gene flow prominent. Islamic networks fostered exogamy and long-distance kin ties along the coast.
Source confidence: high1000 to 1800
Migration · South East African
Cross-channel voyages and raiding produced modest Malagasy/Austronesian gene flow into coastal Mozambique and reciprocal African ancestry in western Madagascar.
Source confidence: medium1000 to 1900
Migration · North African
Mobile Amazigh groups redistributed Saharan ancestry and mediated additional sub-Saharan gene flow into northern fringes via caravan networks and alliances.
Source confidence: medium1000 to 2000
Migration · Arabian
Maritime commerce brought South Asian lineages to Arabian port towns, with assimilation into coastal families and trading diasporas.
Source confidence: medium1000 to 1900
Migration · Chinese
Serial movements created founder effects and substructure while mixing with local southern groups. Resulting Hakka populations show distinctive yet regionally admixed profiles.
Source confidence: medium1000 to 1800
Civilization · African Hunter-Gatherer
Coastal trade and slaving drew individuals from inland forests to the coast, occasionally relocating foragers and mediating admixture with coastal populations. Most gene flow into foragers was indirect via inland partners tied to caravans.
Source confidence: medium1000 to 1900
Migration · African Hunter-Gatherer
Capture and sale of inland peoples, including some forest foragers, moved individuals to coastal and overseas populations. This reduced forager population sizes and introduced forager lineages into coastal communities.
Source confidence: medium1000 to 1870
Civilization · Papuan
Seasonal pottery and sago exchange voyages fostered intermarriage between Motu (Austronesian) and neighboring Papuan groups. This increased Austronesian ancestry on the south coast while maintaining localized structure.
Source confidence: medium1000 to 2000
Civilization · Papuan
Polynesian settlers established endogamous communities on PNG atolls, preserving Polynesian ancestry. Occasional intermarriage with nearby Melanesian groups produced localized Polynesian–Papuan admixture.
Source confidence: high1000 to 1500
Migration · Papuan
Voyaging parties established Polynesian communities on remote atolls, maintaining endogamy with episodic marriage exchanges with nearby Melanesians. Resulting gene pools retain strong Polynesian signals with localized admixture.
Source confidence: high1017 to 1070
Migration · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Short-term occupations and fortified trade posts seeded small South Indian communities that intermarried locally, adding limited South Asian signals to coastal gene pools.
Source confidence: medium1038 to 1227
Civilization · Chinese
Tangut rule integrated Tibeto-Burman, Han, and steppe communities in the Hexi Corridor. This produced enduring admixture signals in northwestern populations.
Source confidence: medium1040 to 1147
Civilization · North African
Saharan Amazigh groups moved northward, knitting together desert and coastal populations. Ties to al-Andalus promoted additional Mediterranean admixture in Maghrebi cities.
Source confidence: medium1050 to 1200
Migration · North African
Nomadic Arab tribes dispersed across rural Maghreb, accelerating linguistic Arabization and adding Arabian patrilines to pastoral and agro-pastoral populations.
Source confidence: medium1050 to 1326
Civilization · Sardinian
Tuscan colonists and miners added Ligurian-Tuscan ancestry to coastal and mining towns. Impact was localized, with limited penetration into the interior.
Source confidence: medium1070 to 1400
Migration · Levantine
Seljuk and Turkmen groups established emirates and pastoral camps, later integrating into local societies. Their presence introduced Central Asian/Turkic-associated Y-chromosome and autosomal components.
Source confidence: medium1075 to 1220
Civilization · South East African
Aggregation of agropastoral populations around a hierarchical center increased connectivity and gene flow across the Limpopo corridor. Contacts with coastal trade routes linked inland groups to broader exchange networks.
Source confidence: medium1099 to 1291
Civilization · Levantine
Frankish settlers and military orders established enclaves that intermarried with local Christians and Muslims. Genetic inputs from Western Europe persisted at low frequencies in some coastal and highland communities.
Source confidence: medium1099 to 1291
Migration · Levantine
Tens of thousands of settlers formed colonial enclaves and intermarried with local Christians and Muslims. Western European genetic inputs entered some coastal and inland lineages at low frequencies.
Source confidence: medium1100 to 1326
Civilization · Sardinian
Ligurian merchant families and settlers contributed gene flow to northern coastal communities. Effects are most visible in port towns and mercantile lineages.
Source confidence: medium1100 to 1300
Migration · Sardinian
Contributed Tuscan/Ligurian ancestry to coastal and mining populations. Impact was localized to towns and industrial enclaves.
Source confidence: medium1100 to 1916
Civilization · African Hunter-Gatherer
Twa foragers were incorporated at the margins of a stratified kingdom, producing limited but measurable admixture with neighboring agricultural populations. Social constraints reduced but did not eliminate gene flow.
Source confidence: high1115 to 1234
Civilization · Chinese
Jurchen conquest brought Manchurian-related ancestry into northern populations and implemented relocations that reshaped urban and rural gene pools. Mixed households and garrisons reinforced admixture.
Source confidence: high1121 to 1269
Civilization · North African
Imperial consolidation spurred movement of tribes, administrators, and artisans across the Maghreb. This increased homogenization among Amazigh- and Arab-speaking groups with continued Andalusi inputs.
Source confidence: high1125 to 1234
Migration · Chinese
Conquest and relocations increased Manchurian-related admixture in northern China and displaced many Han southward. Urban centers show signals of mixed Jurchen-Han ancestry.
Source confidence: high1170 to 1900
Migration · Levantine
Military colonization and tribal movements placed Kurdish communities across northern Levant. Over centuries, intermarriage diffused Upper Mesopotamian genetic signatures into nearby populations.
Source confidence: medium1171 to 1250
Civilization · Levantine
Kurdish-led dynasties moved Kurdish, Turkic, and other military households into Syrian cities and countryside. Their retinues and alliances introduced additional Upper Mesopotamian and steppe-associated lineages.
Source confidence: medium1171 to 1250
Civilization · Egyptian
Kurdish-led elites and Turkic auxiliaries settled and intermarried within urban society, while recruitment of slaves from the Caucasus and Africa continued. Inputs were male-biased and concentrated in cities and military households.
Source confidence: medium1200 to 1450
Civilization · South East African
Consolidation of Shona-speaking populations promoted admixture among plateau communities. Trade with the coast facilitated gene flow between inland and coastal populations.
Source confidence: high1200 to 1517
Migration · North African
Introduced Caucasus and steppe ancestries into Egypt’s urban elite, with diffusion into broader populations through descendants and social integration.
Source confidence: medium1200 to 2000
Migration · Arabian
Overseas Hadrami communities intermarried locally and sent spouses and descendants back, introducing Southeast Asian and East African lineages into Hadramawt and Yemen’s coasts.
Source confidence: medium1200 to 1900
Civilization · African Hunter-Gatherer
Expansion toward forest margins brought Batwa and other forager-descended groups into tributary systems, enabling sporadic admixture with Bantu-speaking farmers. Gene flow was strongest along lake and forest-edge corridors.
Source confidence: medium1200 to 1900
Migration · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Male-mediated gene flow introduced Arabian patrilines and contributed to Islamic scholarly and elite networks, with admixture concentrated in trading cities and among coastal elites.
Source confidence: medium1200 to 2000
Civilization · Papuan
Long-distance ceremonial exchange networks promoted maritime mobility and affinal ties across islands. These processes maintained island-specific lineages while enabling periodic gene flow between Austronesian and Papuan communities.
Source confidence: high1206 to 1526
Civilization · Indian
Turkic, Afghan, and Persian migrants introduced West/Central Asian ancestry, especially in urban Muslim populations. Population transfers and slavery redistributed people across North India.
Source confidence: high1206 to 1526
Migration · Indian
Soldiers, administrators, and artisans added West/Central Asian ancestry to northern urban populations, often male-biased. Slave-taking and resettlement redistributed people regionally.
Source confidence: high1211 to 1368
Migration · Chinese
Movements of Mongol, Turkic, and Southwest/West Asian groups introduced diverse ancestries, notably in northern cities and Yunnanese populations. Admixture persisted through subsequent dynasties.
Source confidence: high1221 to 1327
Migration · Indian
Small contingents settled as auxiliaries after defections, contributing limited Central Asian ancestry. Overall genetic impact was minor and localized.
Source confidence: low1228 to 1826
Civilization · Indian
Tai-Ahom settlers assimilated and intermarried with local Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic groups. Resulted in persistent East/Southeast Asian-related ancestry in Assam.
Source confidence: high1229 to 1454
Civilization · Arabian
Active Indian Ocean trade under Rasulid rule reinforced South Asian and East African genetic inputs in Yemeni ports and disseminated them into the interior.
Source confidence: medium1238 to 1438
Civilization · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Tai-speaking elites established rule over Mon/Khmer substrates, producing admixture that helped form the early Thai genetic profile. Population movement between valleys increased Tai-Mon-Khmer blending.
Source confidence: high1250 to 1517
Civilization · Levantine
Continuous importation of Kipchak and Circassian slaves formed military elites who settled and married locally. This period increased Caucasus and steppe-derived ancestry in urban Levantine populations.
Source confidence: high1250 to 1517
Migration · Levantine
Large cohorts of Circassian and Kipchak males were brought as slaves, manumitted, and often established families. This added measurable Caucasus-steppe ancestry to urban Levantine populations.
Source confidence: high1250 to 1517
Civilization · North African
Recruitment of Caucasian and steppe slave-soldiers introduced new ancestries into Egyptian elites and urban populations. Continued import of African slaves added to genetic diversity, especially maternally.
Source confidence: high1250 to 1517
Migration · Egyptian
Successive cohorts of Caucasus and steppe youths were integrated into military households and urban society, yielding a strong male-line signal in elite and artisan families. Admixture diffused into broader city populations via marriage and patronage networks.
Source confidence: high1271 to 1368
Civilization · Chinese
Mongol rule relocated soldiers, artisans, and administrators from Inner Asia and West/Southwest Asia, introducing steppe and minor western Eurasian lineages. Admixture was strongest in northern cities and Yunnan.
Source confidence: high1273 to 1648
Civilization · Northwestern European
Habsburg rule connected Upper Rhine populations with Austrian and Swiss-Alemannic elites and settlers. Cross-border marriages and garrisons modestly increased trans-Alpine genetic ties.
Source confidence: medium1293 to 1527
Civilization · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Inter-island administration and commerce drove mobility and intermarriage among Javanese, Balinese, Malay, and eastern Indonesian groups, increasing gene flow along maritime corridors.
Source confidence: high1300 to 1900
Civilization · African Hunter-Gatherer
Tswana chiefdoms incorporated neighboring San through clientage and warfare, leading to sustained Bantu–Kalahari forager admixture. This reshaped gene pools on the Kalahari periphery.
Source confidence: medium1300 to 1900
Civilization · Papuan
Regional traders bridged Papuan and Austronesian populations across the Vitiaz Strait, facilitating movement of people alongside goods. Resulting admixture is detectable in coastal and island communities.
Source confidence: medium1323 to 1479
Civilization · Sardinian
Catalan and Valencian colonization introduced Iberian ancestry, notably in Alghero where Catalan culture persisted. Integration with locals produced urban admixture.
Source confidence: high1336 to 1646
Civilization · Indian
Urban centers and military frontiers drew migrants from across southern India, promoting admixture among Kannada-, Telugu-, and Tamil-speaking groups. Also integrated mercenaries of diverse origins.
Source confidence: high1347 to 1686
Civilization · Indian
Influx of Persianate, Turkic, Arab, and African (Habshi/Siddi) soldiers and administrators contributed West Asian and African lineages to Deccan urban and elite strata. Intermarriage and patronage broadened admixture.
Source confidence: high1351 to 1767
Civilization · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Warfare and captive resettlement brought Mon, Khmer, Lao, and Shan groups into Siamese cores, raising heterogeneity. Cosmopolitan ports attracted Chinese, Indian, and Persian migrants who intermarried locally.
Source confidence: high1354 to 1500
Migration · Sardinian
Catalan settlers created an Iberian enclave at Alghero with lasting genetic and cultural signatures. Smaller Iberian inputs spread to other towns via garrisons and officials.
Source confidence: high1368 to 1644
Civilization · Chinese
State-sponsored garrisons and agricultural colonies expanded Han ancestry into the southwest and northwest, mixing with Yi, Miao, Zhuang, and Hui communities. Continued commerce sustained localized gene flow from Central and Southeast Asia.
Source confidence: high1380 to 1650
Migration · Chinese
Soldier-farmer colonies and migrant households expanded Han ancestry and promoted admixture with Yi, Miao, and Zhuang populations. This reshaped genetic structure across the southwest.
Source confidence: high1391 to 1614
Migration · North African
Refugee and merchant communities added Iberian and mixed Andalusi ancestries to North African cities, expanding Jewish Sephardi and Muslim Morisco-descended lineages.
Source confidence: high1400 to 1800
Migration · Sardinian
Introduced Corsican/Ligurian-related lineages into northern Sardinia, influencing dialects and surname distributions. Gene flow was strongest along the Strait of Bonifacio.
Source confidence: high1400 to 1888
Civilization · African Hunter-Gatherer
Incorporation of forest forager communities through clientage and slavery led to Bantu–hunter-gatherer admixture in western Central Africa. Gene flow was often sex-biased and concentrated along riverine trade corridors.
Source confidence: medium1400 to 1900
Migration · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Introduced substantial East Asian ancestry into urban and trading communities, forming Sino-Thai, Peranakan, and Chinese-Burmese groups through sustained intermarriage.
Source confidence: high1450 to 1760
Civilization · South East African
Expansion into the Zambezi valley integrated diverse groups, with intermarriage among Shona elites, valley communities, and coastal/Luso-African families. Movement of specialists and caravans broadened regional admixture.
Source confidence: high1479 to 1718
Civilization · Sardinian
Moderate Iberian inflow via officials and soldiers added to earlier Catalan inputs. Genetic effects were concentrated in cities and fortified sites.
Source confidence: medium1480 to 1779
Civilization · South East African
Expansion and fragmentation of Maravi-linked groups (e.g., Chewa, Nyanja) increased gene flow around Lake Malawi and the Shire valley. Trade and marriage alliances connected lakeshore and inland populations.
Source confidence: high1500 to 1900
Migration · Levantine
Nomadic and semi-nomadic groups expanded seasonal ranges and settled in oases and plains. Their integration and marriages increased Arabian Peninsula–related ancestry in steppe-border communities.
Source confidence: medium1500 to 1900
Migration · South East African
Population growth and movements diffused Makua–Lomwe ancestry across northern and central Mozambique, incorporating neighboring coastal and inland groups.
Source confidence: medium1500 to 1700
Migration · Sardinian
Added limited Iberian ancestry that reinforced earlier Catalan inputs, concentrated in cities and forts. Rural populations saw minimal impact.
Source confidence: medium1500 to 1867
Migration · African Hunter-Gatherer
Large-scale extraction primarily targeted Bantu-speaking farmers but occasionally included forest foragers, contributing minimally to overseas gene pools. Inland slaving routes fostered admixture near capture zones.
Source confidence: low1500 to 1900
Migration · Indian
Introduced limited European ancestry into port cities, forming Luso-Indian and Anglo-Indian communities. Overall demographic impact remained small but regionally noticeable.
Source confidence: medium1500 to 1800
Civilization · Papuan
Tidore influence brought Malay-speaking traders and Muslim elites who intermarried with Papuan coastal groups and extracted captives. This introduced Austronesian/Malay ancestry locally and exported Papuan lineages to Maluku.
Source confidence: high1500 to 1800
Migration · Papuan
Malay-speaking traders and Papuan intermediaries moved people and goods, with captives exported and elites settling locally. This introduced Malay/Austronesian ancestry on Papuan coasts and dispersed Papuan lineages into Maluku.
Source confidence: high1500 to 1800
Migration · Papuan
Papuans were relocated to Malukan islands through raiding and tribute systems. Their descendants contributed Papuan ancestry components to mixed Maluku populations.
Source confidence: medium1505 to 1975
Civilization · South East African
European and South Asian ancestry entered coastal and riverine populations via male-biased settlement and intermarriage, producing enduring Luso-African lineages. Enslavement and portage reshaped local demography.
Source confidence: high1505 to 1975
Migration · South East African
European settlers and soldiers contributed male-biased European ancestry and formed mixed Luso-African families in coastal and riverine towns.
Source confidence: high1507 to 1650
Migration · Arabian
Small numbers of soldiers and casados intermarried locally, leaving minor European and South Asian traces in some Omani coastal families.
Source confidence: low1516 to 1918
Civilization · Levantine
Imperial networks moved Anatolian, Balkan, Caucasian, Arab, and Jewish groups into Levantine towns and villages. State resettlements and commerce produced sustained admixture from across the eastern Mediterranean.
Source confidence: high1516 to 1914
Civilization · North African
Anatolian and Balkan soldiers and officials settled in coastal cities, forming mixed-descendant (Kouloughli) communities. Ottoman rule also sheltered diasporas that contributed additional Mediterranean lineages.
Source confidence: high1517 to 1800
Migration · North African
Anatolian and Balkan soldiers and officials settled and intermarried, creating Kouloughli communities and adding Turkish and Balkan ancestries to coastal urban populations.
Source confidence: medium1517 to 1918
Civilization · Arabian
Garrisons and officials from Anatolia, the Balkans, and Egypt settled in ports and holy cities, adding Anatolian, Balkan, and North African components to local populations.
Source confidence: high1517 to 1918
Migration · Arabian
Garrison soldiers and officials settled or left descendants in Hejaz and Yemeni cities, adding Anatolian, Balkan, and Egyptian ancestries.
Source confidence: medium1517 to 1914
Civilization · Egyptian
Anatolian and Balkan administrators, soldiers, and merchants formed communities in cities and garrisons. Continued slave flows from the Caucasus and Africa, plus intermarriage, added Turkish, Balkan, and Caucasus ancestry components.
Source confidence: high1517 to 1800
Migration · Egyptian
Officials, soldiers, and merchants from Ottoman provinces settled in Egyptian cities and garrisons, adding Turkish, Albanian, and Balkan ancestry components. Intermarriage and long-term residence embedded these lineages in urban populations.
Source confidence: high1526 to 1858
Civilization · Indian
Ongoing migration of Central Asian and Iranian elites and artisans reinforced West/Central Asian ancestry in northern urban centers. Large imperial cities fostered widespread internal migration and admixture.
Source confidence: high1526 to 1707
Migration · Indian
Influx of nobility, soldiers, and craftsmen reinforced Turkic-Persian genetic inputs in northern centers. Intermarriage with local elites diffused these lineages.
Source confidence: high1540 to 1820
Migration · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Captive-taking and resettlement moved Mon, Khmer, Lao, and Shan populations into Siamese and Burmese cores, increasing admixture and genetic diversity in central lowlands.
Source confidence: high1549 to 2000
Civilization · North African
State expansion southward and control of caravan routes intensified sub-Saharan gene flow into Moroccan oases and cities. Consolidation of tribes fostered admixture among Amazigh- and Arab-speaking communities.
Source confidence: high1585 to 1890
Civilization · African Hunter-Gatherer
Expansion and control of trade routes drew in nearby Twa groups, fostering assimilation and admixture with surrounding Bantu speakers. This diluted isolated forager lineages within imperial territories.
Source confidence: medium1600 to 1800
Migration · South East African
Prazeiro clans combined European, Indian, and African ancestry through sustained intermarriage with local communities and exercised hereditary authority along the Zambezi.
Source confidence: high1600 to 1870
Migration · South East African
Forced removal dispersed Mozambican lineages across the Indian Ocean and Atlantic, while local communities experienced sex-biased demographic shifts due to raiding and export.
Source confidence: high1600 to 1900
Migration · African Hunter-Gatherer
Pastoral expansion into San territories fostered admixture and cultural assimilation on the Kalahari rim. Resulting gene flow introduced Bantu- and Khoe-Kwadi–related ancestry into local forager groups.
Source confidence: medium1600 to 1800
Migration · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Seafaring colonies spread South Sulawesi ancestries and facilitated intermarriage with Malay, Javanese, and Dayak populations, enhancing coastal genetic connectivity.
Source confidence: high1602 to 1942
Civilization · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Colonial rule concentrated European-Asian admixture in port cities and created Indo-Eurasian communities. Labor transfers and forced migrations redistributed Javanese and eastern Indonesian ancestries across the archipelago.
Source confidence: high1618 to 1700
Migration · Northwestern European
War losses were offset by influxes of Swiss, Austrian, and French settlers, as well as returning locals. This renewed settlement increased genetic diversity and cross-border kinship ties.
Source confidence: medium1624 to 2000
Civilization · Arabian
Expansion across the Indian Ocean linked Oman with East Africa and Baluchistan, introducing African and Baloch ancestries into coastal and interior communities.
Source confidence: high1625 to 1884
Civilization · African Hunter-Gatherer
Court-centered tribute and labor systems drew nearby Twa into Kuba domains, increasing localized admixture while maintaining some distinct maternal lineages. Forest–savanna interfaces show the strongest signals.
Source confidence: medium1644 to 1912
Civilization · Chinese
Banner settlements and frontier colonization brought Manchu, Mongol, and Oirat inputs into northern and northwestern populations, while large Han migrations to Manchuria and Xinjiang diversified regional gene pools. Mixed communities such as Sibe and modern Uyghurs reflect these layers.
Source confidence: high1644 to 1800
Migration · Chinese
Banner garrisons dispersed Manchu and allied Mongol lineages into cities throughout China. Local intermarriage produced pockets of Manchu-Han admixture.
Source confidence: medium1650 to 1900
Migration · Papuan
Agricultural intensification enabled rapid population growth and fissioning of clans into new valleys. This reshaped intra-Papuan structure through founder effects, drift, and localized admixture.
Source confidence: high1652 to 1910
Civilization · African Hunter-Gatherer
European settlement and slave-based society produced extensive admixture between Khoe–San, Europeans, and imported Africans/Asians. Distinct Khoe–San lineages diffused into broader regional populations.
Source confidence: high1652 to 1900
Migration · African Hunter-Gatherer
Colonial settlement led to pervasive admixture between Europeans, Khoe–San, and enslaved peoples, diffusing Khoe–San ancestry widely. Hunter-gatherer communities experienced demographic decline and genetic assimilation.
Source confidence: high1665 to 1887
Civilization · African Hunter-Gatherer
State expansion and slaving integrated forest foragers into Lunda-controlled networks, increasing Bantu–forager gene flow across the south-central African frontier.
Source confidence: medium1674 to 1818
Civilization · Indian
Expansion and administration moved soldiers, officials, and dependents across regions, increasing gene flow between the western Deccan and conquered territories. Effects are most visible in frontier districts.
Source confidence: medium1680 to 1866
Civilization · South East African
Military consolidation and resettlement fostered admixture among Shona subgroups and neighboring communities. Population movements within the plateau intensified regional genetic homogeneity.
Source confidence: medium1680 to 1966
Civilization · African Hunter-Gatherer
Integration of Twa minorities through tribute and labor relationships produced asymmetric admixture with farming and pastoral groups. This reduced endogamy among local foragers over time.
Source confidence: high1685 to 1750
Migration · Northwestern European
Tens of thousands of French Protestants resettled in German territories, where they integrated over generations. Their arrival added distinct French ancestry to urban and rural communities.
Source confidence: high1700 to 1900
Civilization · South East African
Caravan trade and Islamization drew in spouses and captives from diverse origins, increasing heterogeneity along routes and towns. Yao settlements linked coastal and inland gene pools.
Source confidence: high1700 to 1900
Migration · South East African
Caravan networks integrated diverse peoples through marriage and adoption of captives, spreading Yao-associated ancestry along trade corridors.
Source confidence: high1700 to 1950
Migration · North African
Merchant families added Greek, Levantine, and Maltese/Italian lineages to coastal cities, contributing to cosmopolitan urban genetic profiles.
Source confidence: medium1700 to 2000
Migration · Arabian
Service as soldiers and laborers and later free migration produced substantial Baloch ancestry in Oman and parts of the Gulf.
Source confidence: high1700 to 1900
Civilization · Papuan
Tolai expansion and intensive trade drew in spouses and dependents from nearby islands and mainland coasts. This consolidated Austronesian ancestry locally while incorporating diverse Papuan lineages.
Source confidence: medium1701 to 1918
Civilization · Northwestern European
Unification and rapid industrialization spurred large internal migrations into the Rhineland and Ruhr, blending regional German populations. Annexation of Alsace-Lorraine intensified cross-border movement and mixing.
Source confidence: high1720 to 1861
Civilization · Sardinian
Piedmontese and Ligurian migrants, including Tabarchini communities, introduced mainland Italian ancestry. Impact was pronounced in specific towns but moderate overall.
Source confidence: high1720 to 1950
Migration · Sardinian
Bureaucrats, soldiers, and workers from the mainland added modest Italian gene flow, strongest in urban and garrison towns. Rural interiors retained distinct Sardinian profiles.
Source confidence: high1738 to 1800
Migration · Sardinian
Established endogamous Ligurian-speaking island communities with distinct genetic profiles within SW Sardinia. Their ancestry remains notably Ligurian relative to surrounding areas.
Source confidence: high1744 to 2000
Civilization · Arabian
Unification and sedentarization reshaped tribal distributions and increased mixing among regional populations, especially with urban growth in the 20th century.
Source confidence: high1752 to 1885
Civilization · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Large-scale captive taking and relocations integrated Mon, Shan, Thai, and Arakanese into Bamar cores. Continued intermarriage in garrison towns broadened admixture patterns in central Myanmar.
Source confidence: high1757 to 1947
Civilization · Indian
Created Anglo-Indian and Luso-Indian mixed communities through limited European admixture. Railways and labor markets drove large internal migrations that increased inter-regional admixture within India.
Source confidence: high1760 to 1884
Migration · Chinese
Multiethnic settlement after conquest mixed Han, Hui, Manchu-Sibe, Mongolic, and Uyghur communities. Subsequent pastoral movements further diversified Xinjiang's genetic landscape.
Source confidence: medium1792 to 2000
Civilization · Northwestern European
Military mobilization, rural-to-urban moves, and immigration from Europe and North Africa diversified northeastern French populations. These flows increased genetic heterogeneity along the French–German frontier.
Source confidence: high1800 to 1950
Migration · Egyptian
Merchants and professionals from the Levant established sizable communities, especially in Cairo and Alexandria. Their integration contributed additional East Mediterranean ancestry to cosmopolitan urban gene pools.
Source confidence: high1805 to 1952
Civilization · Egyptian
State-building drew Albanians, Turks, Greeks, Levantines, Armenians, and Europeans into Egypt’s cities, while campaigns and labor recruitment linked Egypt to Sudan and the Horn of Africa. These movements increased Balkan/Anatolian and Northeast African ancestry in urban centers.
Source confidence: high1815 to 1840
Migration · African Hunter-Gatherer
Warfare and state formation displaced San communities and incorporated survivors into Nguni and Sotho-Tswana groups. This accelerated admixture and reshaped southern African genetic structure.
Source confidence: medium1816 to 1897
Civilization · South East African
State formation and conflict precipitated wide population displacements (mfecane), altering genetic structure via founder effects and incorporation of refugees and subject groups.
Source confidence: high1816 to 1840
Civilization · African Hunter-Gatherer
Upheavals displaced and absorbed San communities, facilitating admixture with Nguni- and Sotho-Tswana-speaking groups. Secondary migrations spread mixed ancestries across the interior.
Source confidence: medium1820 to 1895
Civilization · South East African
Consolidation of Shangaan/Tsonga-speaking communities entailed incorporation of local groups and captives, producing mixed lineages across southern Mozambique.
Source confidence: high1820 to 1860
Migration · South East African
Mobile war-bands established ruling groups that intermarried with local populations, introducing Nguni lineages and cultural practices into recipient regions.
Source confidence: high1820 to 1960
Migration · Egyptian
Nineteenth- and twentieth-century recruitment, service, and wage labor drew Sudanese northward with some permanent settlement. This reinforced Northeast African ancestry, especially in Upper Egypt and specific urban neighborhoods.
Source confidence: high1821 to 1840
Migration · South East African
Nguni-speaking migrants established dominance and integrated Shona- and Kalanga-speaking communities, adding Nguni ancestry to western Zimbabwe.
Source confidence: high1826 to 1940
Migration · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
Colonial-era labor flows introduced South Asian ancestries into Lower Myanmar, with mixed communities arising in urban and delta regions.
Source confidence: high1828 to 1962
Civilization · Papuan
Dutch officials, Ambonese/Moluccan auxiliaries, and missionaries established posts and mixed households. Genetic inputs were modest but detectable in some coastal towns and mission communities.
Source confidence: medium1830 to 1962
Migration · North African
Large settler populations, especially in Algeria and Tunisia and Italian Libya, introduced European ancestries; post-independence departures left mixed-descendant communities.
Source confidence: high1830 to 1940
Migration · Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma
State-organized movements spread Javanese ancestry into outer islands, where intermarriage with Malay, Dayak, and Bugis populations produced new admixture zones.
Source confidence: high1840 to 1950
Migration · Egyptian
Tens of thousands of southern Europeans settled during modernization and canal-era booms. Intermarriage and local-born generations introduced and maintained southern European genetic signals in coastal cities.
Source confidence: high1850 to 1914
Migration · Northwestern European
Industrial centers attracted workers from within Germany and neighboring regions, including many Polish-speaking migrants. Intermarriage in boomtowns blended diverse Central and Western European lineages.
Source confidence: high1850 to 1947
Migration · Indian
Railway-era movements increased inter-regional marriage and admixture within India, especially in cities and plantations. This partially reduced earlier fine-scale population structure.
Source confidence: high1855 to 1962
Migration · Papuan
Colonial and mission personnel, including Moluccan auxiliaries, formed mixed families with Papuan communities. This introduced small but traceable European and Moluccan ancestry segments.
Source confidence: medium1860 to 1970
Migration · South East African
South Asian ancestry entered coastal and urban populations via indenture and commerce, forming endogamous communities with gradual admixture into local groups.
Source confidence: high1861 to 2000
Civilization · Sardinian
Internal Italian migration increased mainland gene flow and mobility within Sardinia, particularly post-World War II. Effects strongest in urban and coastal areas.
Source confidence: high1870 to 1930
Migration · Papuan
Pacific Islander catechists and families settled in coastal stations, marrying locally. This introduced modest Polynesian ancestry into some coastal Papuan communities.
Source confidence: high1882 to 1948
Migration · Levantine
Multiple migration waves established agricultural colonies and urban neighborhoods with diverse Jewish origins. These movements reshaped the region’s genetic landscape through founder effects and admixture with local communities.
Source confidence: high1882 to 1952
Civilization · Egyptian
Imperial administration and economic development attracted British, Maltese, Italian, Greek, and other European migrants, alongside South Asian soldiers and workers. Though often limited and transient, intermarriage left small but detectable European and South Asian genetic traces.
Source confidence: medium1884 to 1914
Civilization · Papuan
Plantations and stations drew in Chinese, Micronesian, and Solomon Islands laborers who sometimes settled locally. This created low-frequency exogenous ancestries in coastal and plantation districts.
Source confidence: high1884 to 1975
Civilization · Papuan
Colonial centers, missions, and labor recruitment encouraged population mixing among Papuan and Austronesian speakers and with small numbers of Europeans and Pacific Islanders. This increased intergroup admixture particularly around towns.
Source confidence: high1890 to 1950
Migration · Egyptian
Late Ottoman upheavals and genocide propelled Armenians to Egypt, where communities integrated over generations. Their presence added Caucasus/Anatolian ancestry to urban populations, though numerically modest.
Source confidence: medium1890 to 1975
Migration · Papuan
Labor recruitment moved diverse workers to plantations and mines, some of whom settled permanently. Low-level cosmopolitan admixture accrued in port towns and plantation belts.
Source confidence: high1900 to 1990
Migration · South East African
Circular, male-biased labor flows created cross-border kin networks and admixture in mining districts and adjacent rural areas.
Source confidence: high1915 to 1939
Migration · Levantine
Genocide-era refugees established sizable urban and rural communities that persisted and intermarried locally. Armenian-associated ancestry became a durable component in parts of Syria and Lebanon.
Source confidence: high1942 to 1945
Civilization · Papuan
Wartime garrisons and forced labor produced limited but present East Asian genetic inputs in some locales. Most effects were localized and demographically small.
Source confidence: medium1942 to 1945
Migration · Papuan
Occupation forces and camp systems created limited opportunities for offspring with local women and relocated laborers. Genetic inputs are minor and localized.
Source confidence: medium1950 to 2000
Migration · Northwestern European
Guest worker programs and decolonization-era movements brought Southern European, Turkish, and North African ancestry into urban and industrial zones along the frontier. Subsequent family reunification and intermarriage broadened regional genetic diversity.
Source confidence: high1950 to 2000
Migration · African Hunter-Gatherer
Evictions and conflict drove Twa from forests into agrarian communities, increasing admixture and reducing isolation. These shifts altered local ancestry proportions in peri-forest populations.
Source confidence: medium1950 to 2000
Migration · Papuan
Labor migration to towns increased mixing among previously isolated Papuan language groups and with coastal Austronesian speakers. This reduced genetic differentiation and created urban admixed communities.
Source confidence: highChapter IV
Use these principles to read the report without overstating what population-genetics models can establish.
Percentages describe statistical fit to comparison panels. They are not literal shares inherited from named historical groups or individuals.
Values above 5% usually merit greater attention. Small values can reflect distant affinity, overlapping panels, or model noise.
Historical labels organize reference data. They do not determine your cultural identity, nationality, community membership, or family history.
Estimates may change as panels expand, sample labels improve, and statistical methods are refined.
Chapter V
Ask for a plain-language explanation of genetic similarity patterns and historical context.
This AI analysis is limited to geographical regions and percentage distributions only. No additional data or personal information is included in this analysis. Results are an AI-generated interpretation of genetic similarity to reference populations, not proof of ancestry, ethnicity, or identity.
AI-generated interpretation of genetic similarity, not proof of ancestry. Informational only, not professional advice.
Before you continue: the analysis you are about to generate is produced by an AI model. AI output can be incomplete, inaccurate, or simply wrong. It describes statistical genetic similarity to reference populations and is not proof of ancestry, ethnicity, identity, or descent. It is provided for informational and educational purposes only, and is not medical, diagnostic, genealogical, legal, or other professional advice. Do not rely on it to make health, financial, legal, or family decisions. To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, DNA Genics, S.L. accepts no liability for any loss or decision arising from your use of this AI output.
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Chapter VI
A private snapshot of statistical genetic similarity to historical reference populations, not proof of personal ancestry or identity.
Historical Populations Report
Results are statistical estimates based on available reference data. They do not establish direct descent, ethnicity, nationality, or cultural identity.
