Stone Age Foragers
c. 6,000 BCE onwardLate Stone Age hunter-gatherers and the San people, among the oldest human lineages on Earth, documented at Shum Laka and Fingira.
The Story of Ancient Sub-Saharan Africa
Savanna, coast, and river kept the record.
At Shum Laka in Cameroon, burials spanning thousands of years preserve some of the oldest traceable Later Stone Age lineages on the continent, a genetic thread that still connects to hunter-gatherer populations living today.
In the Ethiopian highlands, the Mota Cave individual has become a touchstone for understanding ancient East African population history, while the pastoral burial grounds at Nakuru in Kenya document the herding communities that reshaped the savanna during the Pastoral Neolithic.
The Iron Age transformed the continent as Bantu-speaking farmers and metalworkers expanded across Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa, documented at sites like the Faraoskop Rock Shelter and the early Iron Age settlement at Xaro in Botswana. Along the Nile, the Christian-era cemeteries of Kulubnarti preserve the Nubian civilization.
By the late medieval period, the trading town of Songo Mnara in Tanzania connected East Africa to the Indian Ocean world. From Stone Age foragers to coastal traders, these reference samples let your report measure how closely your DNA resembles each period.
Your report compares your DNA with the record, one reference population at a time.
Pastoral Neolithic
c. 2,000 to 1,000 BCEEast African herding cultures that shaped the savanna way of life, seen at the Nakuru burial ground in Kenya.
Bronze Age
c. 2,600 to 2,400 BCEAncient cultures of the Horn of Africa, represented by the Mota Cave individual in the Gamo Highlands.
Iron Age
c. 200 BCE to 1000 CEThe Bantu expansion and metallurgy that transformed the continent, from Faraoskop to Xaro.
Swahili Coast
c. 1400 to 1500 CEMaritime trade connecting Africa to the Indian Ocean world, documented at Songo Mnara in Tanzania.
Great Kingdoms
Pre-colonial eraReference populations associated with historical states such as Mali, Great Zimbabwe, and Benin.
Protohistoric
Transitional eraCongo Basin cultures and forest peoples of Central Africa, bridging the archaeological and historical record.
Historic
Recent centuriesRecent reference populations, including the Christian-era Nubian civilization of Kulubnarti in Sudan.
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