Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in human mobility patterns in Holocene Southwest Asia and the East Mediterranean
Koptekin D, Yüncü E, Rodríguez-Varela R et al.
Publication Details
Comprehensive information about this research publication
Abstract
Summary of the research findings
We present a spatiotemporal picture of human genetic diversity in Anatolia, Iran, Levant, South Caucasus, and the Aegean, a broad region that experienced the earliest Neolithic transition and the emergence of complex hierarchical societies. Combining 35 new ancient shotgun genomes with 382 ancient and 23 present-day published genomes, we found that genetic diversity within each region steadily increased through the Holocene. We further observed that the inferred sources of gene flow shifted in time. In the first half of the Holocene, Southwest Asian and the East Mediterranean populations homogenized among themselves. Starting with the Bronze Age, however, regional populations diverged from each other, most likely driven by gene flow from external sources, which we term "the expanding mobility model." Interestingly, this increase in inter-regional divergence can be captured by outgroup-f3-based genetic distances, but not by the commonly used FST statistic, due to the sensitivity of FST, but not outgroup-f3, to within-population diversity. Finally, we report a temporal trend of increasing male bias in admixture events through the Holocene.
Ancient DNA Samples
34 ancient DNA samples referenced in this publication
| Sample ID | Date/Era | Country | Locality | Sex | mtDNA | Y-DNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| zrj003 | 205 CE | Azerbaijan | Shamakhi | M | K1a19 |
J-Z1842 |
| geo029 | 1222 BCE | Georgia | Didnauri (Samreklo) | M | I5c |
R-M12149 |
| geo005 | 1260 BCE | Georgia | Didnauri (Samreklo) | M | U7b |
R-M12149 |
| geo006 | 1043 BCE | Georgia | Didnauri (Samreklo) | M | X2 |
R-M269 |
| geo017 | 1375 BCE | Georgia | Doghlauri (Shida Kartli, Kareli) | F | H4b |
|
| geo015 | 3017 BCE | Georgia | Doghlauri (Shida Kartli, Kareli) | M | K1a |
J-M92 |
| gur016 | 1500 BCE | Georgia | Nazarlebi (Eastern Georgia, Kakheti, Shiraki Plain) | M | K |
IJ |
| gur017 | 1500 BCE | Georgia | Nazarlebi (Eastern Georgia, Kakheti, Shiraki Plain) | M | N1a1a1a |
I-Y16419 |
| gur019 | 1500 BCE | Georgia | Nazarlebi (Eastern Georgia, Kakheti, Shiraki Plain) | F | K1a4b |
|
| G37 | 2476 BCE | Greece | Boeotia, Sarakenos Cave (Thessalia-Central Greece, Stereas Elladas) | M | H11a2 |
J-FGC45722 |
| G23 | 2343 BCE | Greece | Theopetra Cave (Thessaly) | M | H5 |
I-L701 |
| G31 | 2700 BCE | Greece | Perachora Cave (Corinthia) | M | J1c2 |
J-Y19093 |
| G62 | 2700 BCE | Greece | Perachora Cave (Corinthia) | M | J1c |
G-Z6885 |
| G65 | 2700 BCE | Greece | Perachora Cave (Corinthia) | F | T2c1d+152 |
|
| G66 | 2700 BCE | Greece | Perachora Cave (Corinthia) | F | H |
|
| G76a | 2570 BCE | Greece | Perachora Cave (Corinthia) | F | T2c1+146 |
|
| sha003 | 3200 BCE | Iran | Shah Tepe (Kerman, Arzuiyeh) | F | H14 |
|
| sha004 | 3489 BCE | Iran | Shah Tepe (Kerman, Arzuiyeh) | M | I1a |
J-Y19093 |
| sha006 | 3200 BCE | Iran | Shah Tepe (Kerman, Arzuiyeh) | F | J1b1b1 |
|
| sha007 | 3369 BCE | Iran | Shah Tepe (Kerman, Arzuiyeh) | F | HV13b |
|
| sha008 | 3200 BCE | Iran | Shah Tepe (Kerman, Arzuiyeh) | F | K1a12a |
|
| sha009 | 3346 BCE | Iran | Shah Tepe (Kerman, Arzuiyeh) | F | U5a2+16294 |
|
| sha010 | 3200 BCE | Iran | Shah Tepe (Kerman, Arzuiyeh) | F | HV2 |
|
| sha012 | 3200 BCE | Iran | Shah Tepe (Kerman, Arzuiyeh) | M | U1a3 |
J-Z1828 |
| ksha014 | 3200 BCE | Iran | Shah Tepe (Kerman, Arzuiyeh) | M | HV13b |
T-Y13280 |
| CTG025 | 2015 BCE | Turkey | Çine-Tepecik (Aydın, Çine) | F | W6b |
|
| Gordion002 | 323 BCE | Turkey | Gordion (Central, Ankara) | F | K1a3 |
|
| mus005 | 7457 BCE | Turkey | Musular (Aksaray, Gülağaç) | F | K1a4 |
|
| mus006 | 7311 BCE | Turkey | Musular (Aksaray, Gülağaç) | M | N1a1a1 |
H-P96 |
| ulu117 | 4000 BCE | Turkey | Ulucak Höyük (İzmir, Kemalpaşa) | F | J1c11 |
|
| BOG028 | 1000 CE | Turkey | Boğazköy-Ḫattuša (Çorum, Boğazkale) | F | HV1b3b |
|
| BOG019 | 100 CE | Turkey | Boğazköy-Ḫattuša (Çorum, Boğazkale) | M | X2n |
T-Y7794 |
| BOG020 | 130 CE | Turkey | Boğazköy-Ḫattuša (Çorum, Boğazkale) | M | X2f |
J-PF5366 |
| BOG024 | 130 CE | Turkey | Boğazköy-Ḫattuša (Çorum, Boğazkale) | M | H13c1a |
J-Z8096 |
Analysis
Comprehensive review of ancestry and genetic findings
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