Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers
Posth C, Yu H, Ghalichi A et al.
Publication Details
Comprehensive information about this research publication
Abstract
Summary of the research findings
Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.
Ancient DNA Samples
104 ancient DNA samples referenced in this publication
| Sample ID | Date/Era | Country | Locality | Sex | mtDNA | Y-DNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WOL001 | 7034 BCE | Austria | Wöllersdorf (Niederösterreich, Wiener Neustadt(Land)) | M | U5a2 |
P37.2 |
| GoyetQ376-3 | 35170 BCE | Belgium | Goyet Cave (Wallonia region, Namur province, Gesves municipality, Troisième caverne) | M | |
|
| AAT001 | 9160 BCE | Belgium | Abri des Autours (Wallonia region, Namur province) | F | U5a2 |
|
| MPR001 | 8731 BCE | Belgium | Malonne Petit Ri (Wallonia region, Namur province) | F | U5b2a |
|
| WCX002 | 8694 BCE | Belgium | Waulsort Caverne X (Wallonia region, Namur province) | F | |
|
| WCX004 | 8627 BCE | Belgium | Waulsort Caverne X (Wallonia region, Namur province) | F | |
|
| GOY009 | 24410 BCE | Belgium | Goyet Cave (Wallonia region, Namur province, Gesves municipality, Troisième caverne) | F | |
|
| GOY014 | 26307 BCE | Belgium | Goyet Cave (Wallonia region, Namur province, Gesves municipality, Troisième caverne) | F | |
|
| GOY001 | 25728 BCE | Belgium | Goyet Cave (Wallonia region, Namur province, Gesves municipality, Troisième caverne) | M | |
|
| GOY007 | 26062 BCE | Belgium | Goyet Cave (Wallonia region, Namur province, Gesves municipality, Troisième caverne) | M | |
|
| FRL006 | 27074 BCE | France | Fournol (Occitanie Region, Lot Department) | M | M |
V20 |
| LRO001 | 25884 BCE | France | La Rochette (Nouvelle-Aquitaine Region, Dordogne Department, Sarlat-la-Canéda arrondissement) | M | |
|
| ORM001 | 31822 BCE | France | Ormesson (Les Bossats, France) | F | U5 |
|
| LMA001 | 16273 BCE | France | La Marche (Nouvelle-Aquitaine Region, Vienne Department) | M | U2'3'4'7'8'9 |
|
| PIN004 | 13410 BCE | France | Pincevent (Île-de-France, Seine-et-Marne) | F | |
|
| ACR001 | 7317 BCE | France | Achères (Île-de-France, Yvelines) | M | |
M170 |
| FRM001 | 8207 BCE | France | Farman (Île-de-France, Paris) | F | |
|
| MAF001 | 9078 BCE | France | Maisons-Alfort (France) | M | |
|
| LPI002 | 21807 BCE | France | Le Piage (Occitanie Region, Lot Department) | M | U8 |
|
| OKL001 | 12131 BCE | Germany | Oberkassel (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Köln) | F | U5b1 |
|
| OKL002 | 11779 BCE | Germany | Oberkassel (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Köln) | M | U5b1 |
M423 |
| OST001 | 3516 BCE | Germany | Ostorf (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) | F | |
|
| OST003 | 3364 BCE | Germany | Ostorf (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) | M | J1c3j |
M253 |
| OST002 | 5436 BCE | Germany | Ostorf (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) | M | H |
|
| BRM001 | 3946 BCE | Germany | Weyhe-Dreye | M | U5b3b |
M423 |
| HohleFels10_79 | 15051 BCE | Germany | Hohle-Fels-Ach-Valley (Baden-Württemberg, Tübingen, Reutlingen) | M | U8a |
|
| CRW001 | 4889 BCE | Germany | Criewen (Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Uckermark) | F | U4b1b1 |
|
| DRI001 | 5462 BCE | Germany | Drigge (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) | M | U5b2b |
M423 |
| GFW005 | 5210 BCE | Germany | Gross Fredenwalde (Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Uckermark) | M | U5b2a |
P37.2/PF4004 |
| GFW007 | 6209 BCE | Germany | Gross Fredenwalde (Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Uckermark) | F | |
|
| GFW008 | 6087 BCE | Germany | Gross Fredenwalde (Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Uckermark) | M | U5b1a |
M170 |
| GFW009 | 6230 BCE | Germany | Gross Fredenwalde (Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Uckermark) | M | U5b1 |
M170 |
| GFW001 | 5968 BCE | Germany | Gross Fredenwalde (Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Uckermark) | M | U5b1a |
FGC29562/Y10705 |
| GFW002 | 6022 BCE | Germany | Gross Fredenwalde (Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Uckermark) | U | U5b2b |
I-P37 |
| GFW003 | 6022 BCE | Germany | Gross Fredenwalde (Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Uckermark) | U | U5b2b |
I-M423 |
| GFW004 | 6476 BCE | Germany | Gross Fredenwalde (Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Uckermark) | F | U5b1b |
|
| GFW002 | 6022 BCE | Germany | Gross Fredenwalde (Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Uckermark) | F | U5b2b |
|
| GFW002_GFW003_merge | 6022 BCE | Germany | Gross Fredenwalde (Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Uckermark) | M | U5b2b |
I-M423 |
| DOB001 | 7593 BCE | Germany | Urdhöhle (Thüringen, Kyffhäuserkreis, Döbritz) | M | U4b1a |
M423 |
| AC16 | 10874 BCE | Italy | Arene Candide (Liguria, Savona) | U | U5b1 |
|
| PRD001 | 11139 BCE | Italy | Grotte di Pradis (Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Pordenone) | M | U5b1d |
P37.2/PF4004 |
| STO001 | 11627 BCE | Italy | San Teodoro (Sicily, Messina) | F | U2'3'4'7'8'9 |
|
| PA12 | 29104 BCE | Italy | Paglicci (Apulia, Foggia, Rignano Garganico) | F | U8c |
|
| DON005 | 6464 BCE | Lithuania | Donkalnis (Telsiai County, Telšių rajono savivaldybė) | M | U5a2d |
|
| DON006 | 4784 BCE | Lithuania | Donkalnis (Telsiai County, Telšių rajono savivaldybė) | M | U5b2c1 |
F |
| DOG004 | 8272 BCE | Netherlands | Brown Bank (North Sea, Doggerland) | M | U5b1b |
I-S21825 |
| DOG002 | 8421 BCE | Netherlands | Brown Bank (North Sea, Doggerland) | M | |
M423 |
| DOG007 | 7576 BCE | Netherlands | Doggerland (North Sea, Doggerland) | M | K1e |
PF6915 |
| DOG001 | 7730 BCE | Netherlands | Doggerland, Eurogeul (Zuid-Holland, Rotterdam) | M | U5b1b |
M223 |
| DOG003 | 9113 BCE | Netherlands | Doggerland, Noordhinder trenches (North Sea, Doggerland) | M | |
|
| DOG009 | 7040 BCE | Netherlands | Maasvlakte-2 (North Sea, Doggerland) | M | U5a2c |
M170/PF3715 |
| DOG010 | 7030 BCE | Netherlands | Maasvlakte-2 (North Sea, Doggerland) | F | |
|
| DOG006 | 6686 BCE | Netherlands | Sand Motor (North Sea, Doggerland) | M | U5b2a1a |
I-Y14158 |
| MAZ001 | 16636 BCE | Poland | Maszycka (Lesser Poland Voivodeship, powiat wielicki) | M | U2'3'4'7'8'9 |
|
| MAZ003 | 13804 BCE | Poland | Maszycka (Lesser Poland Voivodeship, powiat wielicki) | M | U2'3'4'7'8'9 |
M130 |
| KRZ001 | 8271 BCE | Poland | Krzyż (Greater Poland Voivodeship, powiat czarnkowsko-trzcianecki) | F | |
|
| MNN004 | 5714 BCE | Russia | Minino 1 (Vologda Oblast, Vologda District, Minino Village) | M | |
M173 |
| MNN005 | 8696 BCE | Russia | Minino 1 (Vologda Oblast, Vologda District, Minino Village) | F | U4a1 |
|
| MNN006 | 8799 BCE | Russia | Minino 1 (Vologda Oblast, Vologda District, Minino Village) | F | U4 |
|
| MNN007 | 9140 BCE | Russia | Minino 1 (Vologda Oblast, Vologda District, Minino Village) | F | U5a2 |
|
| MNN001_MNN002_merge | 6647 BCE | Russia | Minino 1 (Vologda Oblast, Vologda District, Minino Village) | F | U5a1+@16192 |
|
| MN2001 | 8710 BCE | Russia | Minino-2 (Vologda Oblast, Vologda District, Minino Village) | M | |
R-YP1272 |
| MN2002 | 8799 BCE | Russia | Minino-2 (Vologda Oblast, Vologda District, Minino Village) | M | U4a1 |
R1a |
| MNN003 | 5666 BCE | Russia | Minino-2 (Vologda Oblast, Vologda District, Minino Village) | M | U4a1 |
P1 |
| MN2003 | 8704 BCE | Russia | Minino-2 (Vologda Oblast, Vologda District, Minino Village) | M | U5a2 |
P297 |
| MUR017 | 4543 BCE | Russia | Murzikha-2 (Tatarstan, Alexeyevsky District, Mokrye Kurnali Village) | M | U5a2b2 |
Q-F1096 |
| MUR005 | 4543 BCE | Russia | Murzikha-2 (Tatarstan, Alexeyevsky District, Mokrye Kurnali Village) | M | U5a2b2 |
F746/NWT01 |
| MUR007 | 4543 BCE | Russia | Murzikha-2 (Tatarstan, Alexeyevsky District, Mokrye Kurnali Village) | M | U2e2a |
F746/NWT01 |
| MUR021 | 3946 BCE | Russia | Murzikha-2 (Tatarstan, Alexeyevsky District, Mokrye Kurnali Village) | M | U2e2a |
Q-F746 |
| KVH002 | 6443 BCE | Russia | Karavaikha (Vologda Oblast, Kirillovsky District, Karavaikha Village) | F | U5a1d2 |
|
| KVH001 | 6466 BCE | Russia | Karavaikha (Vologda Oblast, Kirillovsky District, Karavaikha Village) | M | U5a1 |
M173 |
| JAZ001 | 5365 BCE | Russia | Yazykovo (Ulyanovsk Oblast, Karsunsky District, Yazykovo Village) | F | U5a2b2 |
|
| UOO004 | 6217 BCE | Russia | Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov (Republic of Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District, Velikaya Guba Village) | M | R1b |
M173 |
| UOO012 | 6300 BCE | Russia | Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov (Republic of Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District, Velikaya Guba Village) | M | U4 |
YP4141 |
| UOO033 | 6432 BCE | Russia | Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov (Republic of Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District, Velikaya Guba Village) | M | U5a2 |
L53 |
| UOO049 | 6078 BCE | Russia | Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov (Republic of Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District, Velikaya Guba Village) | M | U5a2d |
L255 |
| UOO051 | 6300 BCE | Russia | Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov (Republic of Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District, Velikaya Guba Village) | M | R1b |
M420 |
| UOO052 | 6300 BCE | Russia | Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov (Republic of Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District, Velikaya Guba Village) | M | U2e1 |
F746/NWT01 |
| UOO059 | 6300 BCE | Russia | Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov (Republic of Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District, Velikaya Guba Village) | M | R1b |
L255 |
| UOO015 | 6300 BCE | Russia | Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov (Republic of Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District, Velikaya Guba Village) | F | U5a1 |
|
| UOO025 | 6300 BCE | Russia | Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov (Republic of Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District, Velikaya Guba Village) | F | U2e1e |
|
| UOO029 | 6300 BCE | Russia | Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov (Republic of Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District, Velikaya Guba Village) | F | U2e1 |
|
| UOO037 | 6300 BCE | Russia | Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov (Republic of Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District, Velikaya Guba Village) | F | |
|
| UOO047 | 6391 BCE | Russia | Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov (Republic of Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District, Velikaya Guba Village) | F | U4 |
|
| UOO053 | 6300 BCE | Russia | Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov (Republic of Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District, Velikaya Guba Village) | M | U4 |
Q-F746 |
| UOO023 | 6300 BCE | Russia | Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov (Republic of Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District, Velikaya Guba Village) | F | U4a2 |
|
| UOO035 | 6337 BCE | Russia | Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov (Republic of Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District, Velikaya Guba Village) | F | U2e1 |
|
| GER003 | 25372 BCE | Spain | Mollet III (Catalonia, Girona, Serinyà) | M | M |
C |
| GER002 | 24405 BCE | Spain | Reclau Viver (Catalonia, Girona, Serinyà) | M | |
M130 |
| CRN001 | 6024 BCE | Spain | Casa Corona (Valencian community, Alicante, Villena) | M | U5b1 |
S21825 |
| CRN002 | 6064 BCE | Spain | Casa Corona (Valencian community, Alicante, Villena) | M | U5b1 |
L1294 |
| AMI002 | 5306 BCE | Spain | Ḥou Amieva (Llanes, Spain) | F | U5a2a |
|
| AMI001 | 6849 BCE | Spain | Ḥou Amieva (Llanes, Spain) | F | U5b1 |
|
| RIE002 | 19061 BCE | Spain | La Riera (Asturias, llanes, Quintana) | M | |
|
| TTK001 | 8419 BCE | Tajikistan | Tutkaul (Tajikistan) | M | |
|
| VSL002 | 9106 BCE | Ukraine | Vasylivka-1 (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Synelnykove District) | M | |
I-S21825 |
| VSL003 | 8543 BCE | Ukraine | Vasylivka-1 (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Synelnykove District) | M | |
I-P37 |
| VSL004 | 8543 BCE | Ukraine | Vasylivka-1 (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Synelnykove District) | M | |
R-V88 |
| IGR001 | 5711 BCE | Ukraine | Igren'-8 (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Dnipro District, Dnipro municipality) | M | U5a1i |
M346 |
| VO1004 | 5612 BCE | Ukraine | Vovnihy-1 (Zaporizhia Oblast, Zaporizhia District, Petro-Mykhailivka municipality) | M | |
I-L701 |
| VO1001 | 5613 BCE | Ukraine | Vovnihy-1 (Zaporizhia Oblast, Zaporizhia District, Petro-Mykhailivka municipality) | M | |
M436 |
| VO1003 | 5612 BCE | Ukraine | Vovnihy-1 (Zaporizhia Oblast, Zaporizhia District, Petro-Mykhailivka municipality) | M | U4a1 |
FGC29562 |
| VO1005 | 5612 BCE | Ukraine | Vovnihy-1 (Zaporizhia Oblast, Zaporizhia District, Petro-Mykhailivka municipality) | M | |
I-Y3259 |
| VO2001 | 5636 BCE | Ukraine | Vovnihy-2 (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Dnipro District, Solone municipality) | M | U5b2 |
R-V88 |
Analysis
Comprehensive review of ancestry and genetic findings
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