Murder in cold blood? Forensic and bioarchaeological identification of the skeletal remains of Béla, Duke of Macsó (c. 1245–1272)

The identification of historical remains through forensic and bioarchaeological methods provides crucial insights into past events and individuals. This study presents the multidisciplinary investigation of skeletal remains attributed to Béla, Duke of Macsó (c. 1245–1272), a member of the Hungarian royal family who died under suspicious circumstances. The remains were subjected to comprehensive osteological analysis, including morphological assessment, age and sex determination, pathological examination, and trauma analysis. Ancient DNA extraction and analysis were performed to establish genetic identity and familial relationships. Radiocarbon dating was employed to confirm the temporal context. The skeletal remains showed evidence consistent with violent death, including sharp force trauma patterns suggesting homicide. The morphological characteristics and genetic analysis supported the identification as a male individual of appropriate age and aristocratic status. Historical records indicate Béla was murdered, and the forensic evidence corroborates these accounts. This case demonstrates the value of integrating forensic science with bioarchaeology and historical research to resolve questions about past events and provide scientific validation of historical narratives.