The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains
Prüfer K, Racimo F, Patterson N et al.
Publication Details
Comprehensive information about this research publication
Abstract
Summary of the research findings
We present a high-quality genome sequence of a Neanderthal woman from Siberia. We show that her parents were related at the level of half-siblings and that mating among close relatives was common among her recent ancestors. We also sequenced the genome of a Neanderthal from the Caucasus to low coverage. An analysis of the relationships and population history of available archaic genomes and 25 present-day human genomes shows that several gene flow events occurred among Neanderthals, Denisovans and early modern humans, possibly including gene flow into Denisovans from an unknown archaic group. Thus, interbreeding, albeit of low magnitude, occurred among many hominin groups in the Late Pleistocene. In addition, the high-quality Neanderthal genome allows us to establish a definitive list of substitutions that became fixed in modern humans after their separation from the ancestors of Neanderthals and Denisovans.
Ancient DNA Samples
35 ancient DNA samples referenced in this publication
| Sample ID | Date/Era | Country | Locality | Sex | mtDNA | Y-DNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B_Australian-4 | 2000 CE | Australia | M | |
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| HGDP01015 | 0 | Brazil | M | |
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| HGDP01015 | 2000 CE | Brazil | M | |
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| HGDP01015 | 2000 CE | Brazil | M | |
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| HGDP01308 | 0 | China | M | |
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| HGDP00775 | 0 | China | M | |
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| HGDP01308 | 2000 CE | China | M | |
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| HGDP00775 | 2000 CE | China | M | |
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| HGDP01308 | 2000 CE | China | M | |
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| HGDP00775 | 2000 CE | China | M | |
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| HGDP00982 | 0 | Congo | M | |
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| HGDP00982 | 2000 CE | Congo | M | |
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| HGDP00982 | 2000 CE | Congo | M | |
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| HGDP00533 | 0 | France | M | |
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| HGDP00533 | 2000 CE | France | M | |
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| HGDP00533 | 2000 CE | France | M | |
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| HGDP01076 | 0 | Italy | Sardinia | M | |
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| HGDP01076 | 2000 CE | Italy | M | |
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| HGDP01076 | 2000 CE | Italy | Sardinia | M | |
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| mixe0007 | 2000 CE | Mexico | Tmazulapan. Oaxaca | F | |
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| HGDP01036 | 0 | Namibia | M | |
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| HGDP01036 | 2000 CE | Namibia | M | |
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| HGDP01036 | 2000 CE | Namibia | M | |
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| HGDP00936 | 0 | Nigeria | M | |
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| HGDP00936 | 2000 CE | Nigeria | M | |
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| HGDP00936 | 2000 CE | Nigeria | M | |
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| HGDP00546 | 0 | Papua New Guinea | M | |
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| HGDP00546 | 2000 CE | Papua New Guinea | New Guinea. Iatmul and Kwoma societies of the Middle Sepik River region | M | |
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| HGDP00546 | 2000 CE | Papua New Guinea | M | |
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| Altai | 128050 BCE | Russia | Denisova Cave. Altai | F | ND1a |
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| Altai | 128050 BCE | Russia | Denisova Cave. Altai | F | ND1a |
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| HGDP01286 | 0 | Senegal | M | |
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| HGDP01286 | 2000 CE | Senegal | M | |
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| HGDP01286 | 2000 CE | Senegal | M | |
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| DNK07 | 2000 CE | South Sudan | Aweil | M | |
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Analysis
Comprehensive review of ancestry and genetic findings
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