137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes

Damgaard PB; Marchi N; Rasmussen S; Peyrot M; Renaud G; Korneliussen T; Moreno-Mayar JV; Pedersen MW; Goldberg A; Usmanova E; Baimukhanov N; Loman V; Hedeager L; Pedersen AG; Nielsen K; Afanasiev G; Akmatov K; Aldashev A; Alpaslan A; Baimbetov G; Bazaliiskii VI; Beisenov A; Boldbaatar B; Boldgiv B; Dorzhu C; Ellingvag S; Erdenebaatar D; Dajani R; Dmitriev E; Evdokimov V; Frei KM; Gromov A; Goryachev A; Hakonarson H; Hegay T; Khachatryan Z; Khaskhanov R; Kitov E; Kolbina A; Kubatbek T; Kukushkin A; Kukushkin I; Lau N; Margaryan A; Merkyte I; Mertz IV; Mertz VK; Mijiddorj E; Moiyesev V; Mukhtarova G; Nurmukhanbetov B; Orozbekova Z; Panyushkina I; Pieta K; Smrčka V; Shevnina I; Logvin A; Sjögren KG; Štolcová T; Taravella AM; Tashbaeva K; Tkachev A; Tulegenov T; Voyakin D; Yepiskoposyan L; Undrakhbold S; Varfolomeev V; Weber A; Wilson Sayres MA; Kradin N; Allentoft ME; Orlando L; Nielsen R; Sikora M; Heyer E; Kristiansen K; Willerslev E

doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2

Research Publication

137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes

Damgaard PB, Marchi N, Rasmussen S et al.

29743675 PubMed ID

77 Authors

2018 May Published

284 Samples

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Chapter I

Publication Details

Comprehensive information about this research publication

Authors 77 researchers

Publication Date 2018 May

Geographic Region Asia

URL https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29743675/

Authors

DP

Damgaard PB

MN

Marchi N

RS

Rasmussen S

PM

Peyrot M

RG

Renaud G

KT

Korneliussen T

MJ

Moreno-Mayar JV

PM

Pedersen MW

GA

Goldberg A

UE

Usmanova E

BN

Baimukhanov N

LV

Loman V

HL

Hedeager L

PA

Pedersen AG

NK

Nielsen K

AG

Afanasiev G

AK

Akmatov K

AA

Aldashev A

AA

Alpaslan A

BG

Baimbetov G

BV

Bazaliiskii VI

BA

Beisenov A

BB

Boldbaatar B

BB

Boldgiv B

DC

Dorzhu C

ES

Ellingvag S

ED

Erdenebaatar D

DR

Dajani R

DE

Dmitriev E

EV

Evdokimov V

FK

Frei KM

GA

Gromov A

GA

Goryachev A

HH

Hakonarson H

HT

Hegay T

KZ

Khachatryan Z

KR

Khaskhanov R

KE

Kitov E

KA

Kolbina A

KT

Kubatbek T

KA

Kukushkin A

KI

Kukushkin I

LN

Lau N

MA

Margaryan A

MI

Merkyte I

MI

Mertz IV

MV

Mertz VK

ME

Mijiddorj E

MV

Moiyesev V

MG

Mukhtarova G

NB

Nurmukhanbetov B

OZ

Orozbekova Z

PI

Panyushkina I

PK

Pieta K

SV

Smrčka V

SI

Shevnina I

LA

Logvin A

SK

Sjögren KG

ŠT

Štolcová T

TA

Taravella AM

TK

Tashbaeva K

TA

Tkachev A

TT

Tulegenov T

VD

Voyakin D

YL

Yepiskoposyan L

US

Undrakhbold S

VV

Varfolomeev V

WA

Weber A

WS

Wilson Sayres MA

KN

Kradin N

AM

Allentoft ME

OL

Orlando L

NR

Nielsen R

SM

Sikora M

HE

Heyer E

KK

Kristiansen K

WE

Willerslev E

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Chapter II

Abstract

Summary of the research findings

For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.

Chapter III

Ancient DNA Samples

284 ancient DNA samples referenced in this publication

284 Samples

Sample ID	Date/Era	Country	Locality	Sex	mtDNA	Y-DNA
DA31	1400 BCE	Armenia	Caucasus	M	`HV0a`	`I-BY70891`
DA35	1421 BCE	Armenia	Caucasus	F	`J1b1a1-a`
DA35	1421 BCE	Armenia	Caucasus	F	`J1b1a1-a`
DA31	1400 BCE	Armenia	Caucasus	M	`HV0a`	`I-BY70891`
DA111	909 BCE	Czech Republic		M	`H6a1a`	`R-DF103`
DA112	753 BCE	Czech Republic		F	`HV0-a`
DA111	909 BCE	Czech Republic	NW Bohemia. Litoměřice. Lovosice	M	`H6a1a`	`R-DF103`
DA112	753 BCE	Czech Republic	NW Bohemia. Litoměřice. Lovosice	F	`HV0-a`
DA191	749 BCE	Hungary		F	`H2a2`
DA194	513 BCE	Hungary		F	`H2a2a1`
DA195	772 BCE	Hungary		F	`HV-b`
DA197	726 BCE	Hungary		M	`H2a2a`	`R-YP340`
DA198	737 BCE	Hungary		M	`H7a1`	`G-BY200659`
DA199	1216 CE	Hungary		F	`H1ba`
DA197	726 BCE	Hungary		M	`H2a2a`	`R-YP340`
DA195	772 BCE	Hungary		F	`HV-b`
DA194	513 BCE	Hungary		F	`H2a2a1`
DA191	749 BCE	Hungary		F	`H2a2`
DA198	737 BCE	Hungary		M	`H7a1`	`G-BY200659`
DA199	1216 CE	Hungary		F	`H1ba`
DA10	800 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`C4a1a`
I11524	344 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Turgen-2	F	`C4a1a-a`
I11523	769 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tengiz. Caspian steppe	F	`U5a1`
I25911	800 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Butakty	M
I12113	886 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Butakty	M	`A-a1`	`J-FT384007`
I25832	800 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Butakty	F
I10519	500 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Turgen-2	M	`HV6`	`N-Y147658`
I7110	752 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Kargaly 1	M	`J1b1a1`	`Q-BZ438`
I12117	750 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Butakty	M	`A-a1`	`J-FT384007`
I10141	252 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Becentshitobe	M	`H`	`R-Y52`
I10514	129 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Karatuma. Kaynar Bulak 2	M	`A8a1`	`R-YP5938`
I12116	995 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Butakty	M	`F1b1e`	`J-FT384007`
DA19	810 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`U7a4`	`E-FT169238`
DA206	124 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`HV13b`	`R-S21872`
DA207	1650 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H2a`	`R-M417`
DA208	1650 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H1`	`J-Z2217`
DA20	366 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4a1a-a`	`Q-F15008`
DA223	414 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`J1c5a-a3`	`R-Y41571`
DA226	50 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`U2e1h1a`
DA227	300 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Turgen-2	F	`U5b2c`
DA228	300 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`A15c`	`O-CTS5664`
DA231	1610 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`U2e1'2'3*`	`C-F9992`
DA23	1036 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`F1b1b`	`C-F8513`
DA13	767 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`A-a1`	`R-YP1548`
DA11	777 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`F1b1-a`
DA121	250 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`H6a1a`
DA123	50 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`C4a1`
DA124	648 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`HV19`	`J-PH2466`
DA125	134 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`U2e2a1`	`T-SK1472`
DA126	890 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`F2c1`	`R-CTS6`
DA127	214 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4b1a2a1`	`Q-YP4495`
DA128	1224 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`D4o2a`
DA129	539 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`W3b`	`R-YP6547`
DA130	373 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`G2a1`	`R-M417`
DA14	767 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`H101`
DA15	769 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4d`	`R-Z94`
DA177	200 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`D4j1b`
DA179	1000 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4`	`G-Z6922`
DA17	810 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H10`	`R-Z2124`
DA16	756 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`U2e1'2'3`	`R-YP1548`
DA18	761 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`U5b1c2`
DA26	800 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`U4`
DA27	265 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4b1`	`R-BY95774`
DA28	1200 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4m2`	`C-ZQ346`
DA29	1200 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`I1b`	`R-BY160093`
DA92	51 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`J1b1a1-a`	`R-Y20768`
DA93	678 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4j8`	`R-BY42301`
DA94	600 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`Z1a1`	`R-M198`
DA95	241 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4b1`	`N-F22331`
DA87	605 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`A-a1`	`R-L1433`
DA89	645 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`A14`	`R-FT129490`
DA30	96 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`U4`	`I-S17511`
DA231	1610 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`U2e1'2'3*`
DA10	800 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`C4a1a`
DA19	810 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`U7a4`	`E-FT169238`
DA17	810 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H10`	`R-Z2124`
DA28	1200 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4m2`	`C-ZQ346`
DA29	1200 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`I1b`	`R-BY160093`
DA177	200 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`D4j1b`
DA95	241 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4b1`	`N-F22331`
DA207	1650 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H2a`	`R-M417`
DA208	1650 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H1`	`J-Z2217`
DA18	761 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`U5b1c2`
DA129	539 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`W3b`	`R-YP6547`
DA92	51 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`J1b1a1-a`	`R-Y20768`
DA221	752 BCE	Kazakhstan	Kargaly-1 (Almaty Region, Zhambyl District)	M	`J1b1a1`	`Q-YP1695`
I7110	752 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Kargaly 1	M	`J1b1a1`	`Q-BZ438`
DA229	129 CE	Kazakhstan	Kaynar-Bulak-2 (Turkistan Region, Sayram District)	M	`A8a1`	`R-F1019`
DA121	250 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`H6a1a`
DA123	50 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`C4a1`
DA206	124 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`HV13b`	`R-S21872`
DA226	50 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`U2e1h1a`
DA125	134 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`U2e2a1`	`T-SK1472`
I10514	129 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Karatuma. Kaynar Bulak 2	M	`A8a1`	`R-YP5938`
DA204	886 CE	Kazakhstan	Butakty-1 (Almaty Region, Medeu District)	M	`A+152+16362+16189`	`J-Z7706`
DA203	800 CE	Kazakhstan	Butakty-1 (Almaty Region, Medeu District)	M	`G2a2`	`J-KMS86`
DA205	800 CE	Kazakhstan	Butakty-1 (Almaty Region, Medeu District)	F	`J1c`
I25911	800 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Butakty	M
I25832	800 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Butakty	F
I12113	886 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Butakty	M	`A-a1`	`J-FT384007`
DA222	800 CE	Kazakhstan	Butakty-1 (Almaty Region, Medeu District)	M	`A+152+16362`	`J-KMS86`
I12117	750 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Butakty	M	`A-a1`	`J-FT384007`
DA230	995 CE	Kazakhstan	Butakty-1 (Almaty Region, Medeu District)	M	`F1b1e`	`J-KMS86`
I12116	995 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Butakty	M	`F1b1e`	`J-FT384007`
DA87	605 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`A-a1`	`R-L1433`
DA179	1000 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4`	`G-Z6922`
DA23	1036 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`F1b1b`	`C-F8513`
I11524	344 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Turgen-2	F	`C4a1a-a`
DA227	300 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Turgen-2	F	`U5b2c`
DA201	344 BCE	Kazakhstan	Turgen-2 (Almaty Region, Enbekshikazakh District)	F	`C4a1a+195`
DA93	678 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4j8`	`R-BY42301`
DA128	1224 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`D4o2a`
DA94	600 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`Z1a1`	`R-M198`
DA124	648 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`HV19`	`J-PH2466`
DA126	890 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`F2c1`	`R-CTS6`
DA27	265 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4b1`	`R-BY95774`
DA20	366 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4a1a-a`	`Q-F15008`
DA13	767 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`A-a1`	`R-YP1548`
DA16	756 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`U2e1'2'3`	`R-YP1548`
DA14	767 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`H101`
DA11	777 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`F1b1-a`
DA15	769 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4d`	`R-Z94`
DA202	769 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tengiz (Atyrau Region, Zhylyoi District)	F	`U5a1`
I11523	769 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tengiz. Caspian steppe	F	`U5a1`
DA30	96 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`U4`	`I-S17511`
DA26	800 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`U4`
DA127	214 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4b1a2a1`	`Q-YP4495`
DA130	373 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`G2a1`	`R-M417`
DA228	300 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`A15c`	`O-CTS5664`
DA89	645 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`A14`	`R-FT129490`
I10141	252 CE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Becentshitobe	M	`H`	`R-Y52`
DA223	414 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`J1c5a-a3`	`R-Y41571`
I10519	500 BCE	Kazakhstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Turgen-2	M	`HV6`	`N-Y147658`
DA220	500 BCE	Kazakhstan	Turgen-2 (Almaty Region, Enbekshikazakh District)	M	`HV6`	`N-Y6503`
DA100	235 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4b1`	`R-S21872`
DA101	212 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`U5a1b1e*`	`R-PH1397`
DA104	1 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`F1b1-a`
DA105	125 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`F1b1-a`	`Q-L715`
DA106	1161 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4b1a`	`C-FT1836`
DA80	236 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`A1a`
DA81	166 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`A16`	`R-BY86775`
DA82	33 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`K2a5`
DA85	133 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`U4`	`L-F3987`
DA86	413 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4b1`	`Q-L715`
DA96	250 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4j5`	`Q-L332`
DA98	26 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`J1d6`	`N-Tat`
DA99	1046 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`C4a2c`
DA50	650 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`U5a1d2b`
DA51	386 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H2a1`	`R-Z94`
DA52	411 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`G2a1d2`	`R-YP5938`
DA53	541 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`U5a1a1`	`R-M173`
DA54	255 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4-a1`	`Q-L715`
DA55	150 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`HV6`	`R-S23592`
DA56	193 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`HV6`	`R-YP1547`
DA57	338 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4j8`	`J-FT239559`
DA58	334 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`W1c`	`J-FT239559`
DA59	354 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4j8`	`J-FT239559`
DA65	265 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`N9a9`	`E-L1250`
DA66	431 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`H6b2`
DA68	550 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`M11a`
DA69	266 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`U5b2a1a2`
DA70	26 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`C4a1a-a`
DA71	246 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`A16`
DA72	250 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`M10a1-a`
DA73	236 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`G2a1`	`Q-L332`
DA74	264 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H7b`	`Q-YP1681`
DA47	344 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4`	`Q-BZ366`
DA48	600 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H4d`	`R-Z93`
DA49	376 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`T2a1`	`R-S23592`
DA385	415 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H13a2a`	`R-YP1456`
DA116	1049 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`G2a-a`
DA117	1670 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H6a1b`	`G-FT382474`
DA118	1030 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`F2g`
DA106	1161 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4b1a`	`C-FT1836`
DA118	1030 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`F2g`
DA99	1046 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`C4a2c`
DA116	1049 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`G2a-a`
DA117	1670 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H6a1b`	`G-FT382474`
DA56	193 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`HV6`	`R-YP1547`
DA53	541 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`U5a1a1`
DA47	344 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4`	`Q-BZ366`
DA57	338 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4j8`	`J-FT239559`
DA58	334 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`W1c`	`J-FT239559`
DA50	650 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`U5a1d2b`
DA51	386 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H2a1`	`R-Z94`
DA55	150 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`HV6`	`R-S23592`
DA49	376 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`T2a1`	`R-S23592`
DA48	600 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H4d`	`R-Z93`
DA59	354 BCE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4j8`	`J-FT239559`
DA81	166 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`A16`	`R-BY86775`
DA85	133 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`U4`	`L-F3987`
DA70	26 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`C4a1a-a`
DA98	26 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`J1d6`
DA101	212 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`U5a1b1e*`	`R-PH1397`
DA385	415 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H13a2a`	`R-YP1456`
DA100	235 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4b1`	`R-S21872`
DA104	1 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`F1b1-a`
DA72	250 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`M10a1-a`
DA96	250 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`D4j5`	`Q-L332`
DA74	264 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`H7b`	`Q-YP1681`
DA80	236 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`A1a`
DA69	266 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`U5b2a1a2`
DA73	236 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`G2a1`	`Q-L332`
DA52	411 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`G2a1d2`	`R-YP5938`
DA66	431 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`H6b2`
DA65	265 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`N9a9`	`E-L1250`
DA54	255 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4-a1`	`Q-L715`
DA82	33 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`K2a5`
DA68	550 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`M11a`
DA71	246 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	F	`A16`
DA105	125 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`F1b1-a`	`Q-L715`
DA86	413 CE	Kyrgyzstan	Tian Shan. Central Steppe	M	`C4b1`	`Q-L715`
DA171	50 CE	Lithuania		M	`H2a1`	`N-L1025`
DA171	50 CE	Lithuania		M	`H2a1`	`N-L1025`
DA38	345 BCE	Mongolia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	F	`D4b2b4`
DA39	150 BCE	Mongolia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`N9a2'4'5'11`	`R-Y56311`
DA41	351 BCE	Mongolia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`G3a3`	`R-Y33147`
DA43	400 BCE	Mongolia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`D4a6`	`O-MF2463`
DA45	172 BCE	Mongolia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`D4b2b2b`	`O-BY171424`
DA45	172 BCE	Mongolia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`D4b2b2b`	`O-BY171424`
DA39	150 BCE	Mongolia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`N9a2'4'5'11`	`R-Y56311`
DA43	400 BCE	Mongolia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`D4a6`	`O-MF2463`
DA38	345 BCE	Mongolia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	F	`D4b2b4`
DA41	351 BCE	Mongolia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`G3a3`	`R-Y33147`
DA361	2445 BCE	Russia	Ust'-Ida	U	`C4a1a3`	`Q-YP3966`
DA4	1000 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`H5a1-a`	`Q-F749`
DA3	1000 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	F	`N9a9`
DA343	3083 BCE	Russia	Ust'-Ida	U	`D4j4`	`Q-Y11938`
DA353	2565 BCE	Russia	Ust'-Ida	U	`H2a2a`	`Q-YP3966`
DA356	2456 BCE	Russia	Ust'-Ida	U	`C4a1a3`	`Q-Y11938`
DA190	610 CE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`U1a1c1`	`G-FGC693`
DA2	925 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`N1a1a1a1`	`R-Z2124`
DA188	709 CE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`I`	`R-M459`
DA189	600 CE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`J1b4`	`R-M269`
DA160	450 CE	Russia	Caucasus	F	`U4d3`
DA161	450 CE	Russia	Caucasus	M	`X2f`	`Q-BZ433`
DA162	450 CE	Russia	Caucasus	M	`H13a2c`	`Q-BY45596`
DA164	850 CE	Russia	Caucasus	F	`H5`
DA141	800 BCE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`A-a1`	`Q-BZ180`
DA142	600 CE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`J1c5a1`	`R-Y52`
DA143	800 BCE	Russia	Caspian steppe	F	`U4b1a4`
DA144	800 BCE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`H28`	`R-FGC48762`
DA145	800 BCE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`U2e1h`	`R-M198`
DA146	450 CE	Russia	Caucasus	F	`HV2a1`
DA134	800 BCE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`I1`	`R-Y52`
DA139	800 BCE	Russia	Caspian steppe	F	`U2e1h1a7`	`R-PH1397`
DA243	450 CE	Russia	Caucasus	M	`W1`	`R-F11175`
DA7	1000 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`A8a1`	`R-Z2124`
DA6	1000 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	F	`U2e2`
DA5	1000 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`W1c`	`R-Z94`
DA9	1000 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	F	`F1b1b`
DA136	800 BCE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`A-a1`	`R-PF6162`
DA8	1000 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	F	`U2e1h1a6`
DA146	450 CE	Russia	Caucasus	F	`HV2a1`
DA160	450 CE	Russia	Caucasus	F	`U4d3`
DA161	450 CE	Russia	Caucasus	M	`X2f`	`Q-BZ433`
DA243	450 CE	Russia	Caucasus	M	`W1`	`R-F11175`
DA162	450 CE	Russia	Caucasus	M	`H13a2c`	`Q-BY45596`
DA164	850 CE	Russia	Caucasus	F	`H5`
DA343	3083 BCE	Russia	Ust'-Ida	U	`D4j4`	`Q-Y11938`
DA361	2445 BCE	Russia	Ust'-Ida	U	`C4a1a3`	`Q-YP3966`
DA356	2456 BCE	Russia	Ust'-Ida	U	`C4a1a3`	`Q-Y11938`
DA353	2565 BCE	Russia	Ust'-Ida	U	`H2a2a`	`Q-YP3966`
DA142	600 CE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`J1c5a1`	`R-Y52`
DA190	610 CE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`U1a1c1`	`G-FGC693`
DA188	709 CE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`I`	`R-M459`
DA189	600 CE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`J1b4`	`R-M269`
DA134	800 BCE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`I1`	`R-Y52`
DA141	800 BCE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`A-a1`	`Q-BZ180`
DA136	800 BCE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`A-a1`	`R-PF6162`
DA144	800 BCE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`H28`	`R-FGC48762`
DA143	800 BCE	Russia	Caspian steppe	F	`U4b1a4`
DA145	800 BCE	Russia	Caspian steppe	M	`U2e1h`	`R-M198`
DA139	800 BCE	Russia	Caspian steppe	F	`U2e1h1a7`
DA5	1000 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`W1c`	`R-Z94`
DA2	925 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`N1a1a1a1`	`R-Z2124`
DA3	1000 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	F	`N9a9`
DA7	1000 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`A8a1`	`R-Z2124`
DA6	1000 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	F	`U2e2`
DA9	1000 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	F	`F1b1b`
DA4	1000 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	M	`H5a1-a`	`Q-F749`
DA8	1000 BCE	Russia	Siberia. Tungus & Eastern Steppe	F	`U2e1h1a6`
DA119	200 CE	Slovakia		M	`U4b3`	`R-S6915`
DA119	200 CE	Slovakia		M	`U4b3`	`R-S6915`

Chapter IV

Analysis

Comprehensive review of ancestry and genetic findings

Important Disclaimer: This review has been performed semi-automatically and is provided for informational purposes only. While we strive for accuracy, this analysis may contain errors, omissions, or misinterpretations of the original research. DNA Genics disclaims all liability for any inaccuracies, errors, or consequences arising from the use of this information. Users should independently verify all information and consult original research publications before making any decisions based on this content. This analysis is not intended as a substitute for professional scientific review or medical advice.

137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes

Publication Details

Authors

Abstract

Ancient DNA Samples

Analysis

Analysis In Progress

Summary

Key Findings

Ancestry Insights

Traits Analysis

Historical Context

Scientific Assessment

Explore More Research

137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes

Publication Details

Authors

Abstract

Ancient DNA Samples

Analysis

Analysis In Progress

Summary

Key Findings

Ancestry Insights

Traits Analysis

Historical Context

Scientific Assessment

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