Research Publication
The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia
de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Kamm J et al.
29743352
PubMed ID
51
Authors
06/29/2018
Published
183
Samples
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Chapter I
Publication Details
Comprehensive information about this research publication
Chapter II
Abstract
Summary of the research findings
The Yamnaya expansions from the western steppe into Europe and Asia during the Early Bronze Age (~3000 BCE) are believed to have brought with them Indo-European languages and possibly horse husbandry. We analyzed 74 ancient whole-genome sequences from across Inner Asia and Anatolia and show that the Botai people associated with the earliest horse husbandry derived from a hunter-gatherer population deeply diverged from the Yamnaya. Our results also suggest distinct migrations bringing West Eurasian ancestry into South Asia before and after, but not at the time of, Yamnaya culture. We find no evidence of steppe ancestry in Bronze Age Anatolia from when Indo-European languages are attested there. Thus, in contrast to Europe, Early Bronze Age Yamnaya-related migrations had limited direct genetic impact in Asia.
Chapter III
Ancient DNA Samples
183 ancient DNA samples referenced in this publication
183 Samples
| Sample ID | Date/Era | Country | Locality | Sex | mtDNA | Y-DNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uyghurs1 | 2000 CE | China | U | |
|
|
| Uyghurs2 | 2000 CE | China | U | |
|
|
| Uyghurs3 | 2000 CE | China | U | |
|
|
| Yamnaya | 3016 BCE | Kazakhstan | Karagash | M | R1a1a* |
R-Z2109 |
| BOT14 | 3517 BCE | Kazakhstan | Botai | M | K1b2c |
R-L1432 |
| BOT15 | 3345 BCE | Kazakhstan | Botai | M | R1b1* |
N-FT324 |
| BOT2016 | 3516 BCE | Kazakhstan | Botai | F | Z1* |
|
| EBA1 | 2286 BCE | Kazakhstan | Gregorievka 2 | F | C4-a |
|
| EBA2 | 2622 BCE | Kazakhstan | Sjolpan 4 | F | C4a1a4a |
|
| Yamnaya | 3016 BCE | Kazakhstan | Karagash | M | R1a1a* |
R-Z2109 |
| EBA1 | 2286 BCE | Kazakhstan | Gregorievka 2 | F | C4-a |
|
| EBA2 | 2622 BCE | Kazakhstan | Sjolpan 4 | F | C4a1a4a |
|
| BOT15 | 3345 BCE | Kazakhstan | Botai | M | R1b1* |
N-FT324 |
| BOT14 | 3517 BCE | Kazakhstan | Botai | M | K1b2c |
R-L1432 |
| Kazakhs2 | 2000 CE | Kazakhstan | U | |
|
|
| Kazakhs3 | 2000 CE | Kazakhstan | U | |
|
|
| Kazkahs1 | 2000 CE | Kazakhstan | U | |
|
|
| Kyrgyz1 | 2000 CE | Kyrgyzstan | U | |
|
|
| Kyrgyz2 | 2000 CE | Kyrgyzstan | U | |
|
|
| Dungan1 | 2000 CE | Kyrgyzstan | U | |
|
|
| Dungan2 | 2000 CE | Kyrgyzstan | U | |
|
|
| Hazaras1 | 2000 CE | Pakistan | U | |
|
|
| Hazaras2 | 2000 CE | Pakistan | U | |
|
|
| Hazaras3 | 2000 CE | Pakistan | U | |
|
|
| RISE515 | 2343 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | F | A8a |
|
| RISE516 | 2201 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | F | H6a1b |
|
| RISE667 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | F | A8a |
|
| RISE670 | 2191 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | M | A8a |
Q-FT377000 |
| RISE671 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | F | H6a1b |
|
| RISE672 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | M | H6a1b |
Q-FT377000 |
| RISE673 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | M | A8a |
Q-FT377000 |
| RISE674 | 2284 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | M | A-a1b3* |
Q-FT377000 |
| RISE675 | 2857 BCE | Russia | Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V | M | D4-a |
R-M12149 |
| RISE677 | 2659 BCE | Russia | Uybat III | F | A8a1 |
|
| RISE680 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V | F | A-a1 |
|
| RISE681 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V | F | A8a1 |
|
| RISE683 | 2138 BCE | Russia | Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V | M | H15b1 |
Q-FT414149 |
| RISE684 | 2463 BCE | Russia | Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V | F | C5c |
|
| RISE685 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V | F | C5c |
|
| RISE718 | 2573 BCE | Russia | Sayan Mountain. Minusinskaya Intermountain Basin. Syda 5 | M | C5c |
Q-BZ433 |
| RISE719 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Sayan Mountain. Minusinskaya Intermountain Basin. Syda 5 | M | C5c |
Q-Y146631 |
| DA245 | 6069 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | G2a1* |
N-FT210118 |
| DA246 | 5884 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | F | D4e1 |
|
| DA247 | 5837 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | C4 |
N-MF52704 |
| DA248 | 5762 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | C4a'b'c* |
N-FT210118 |
| DA249 | 5987 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | F | C4 |
|
| DA250 | 5524 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | G2a1 |
N-FT210118 |
| DA251 | 5471 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | D4j |
N-FT210118 |
| DA252 | 5473 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | F | G2a1 |
|
| DA253 | 5371 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | F | F1b1-a |
|
| DA334 | 2284 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | C4a2a1 |
Q-FT375375 |
| DA335 | 2500 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | F1b1b |
Q-FT375375 |
| DA336 | 2500 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | C4a2a1 |
Q-BZ2197 |
| DA337 | 2461 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | C4a1a3 |
Q-FT375375 |
| DA338 | 2500 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | C4a2a1 |
Q-BZ2197 |
| DA339 | 2200 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | G2a1 |
Q-Y11236 |
| DA340 | 5217 BCE | Russia | Lokomotiv | M | D4 |
|
| DA341 | 5714 BCE | Russia | Lokomotiv | F | D4j |
|
| DA342 | 3793 BCE | Russia | Ust'-Ida | F | R1b1 |
|
| DA344 | 3945 BCE | Russia | Ust'-Ida | M | A-a1 |
|
| DA345 | 3637 BCE | Russia | Ust'-Ida | M | D4j |
N-Z35159 |
| DA354 | 2856 BCE | Russia | Kurma XI | M | D4 |
Q-BZ2197 |
| DA355 | 3644 BCE | Russia | Ust'-Ida | M | A2 |
Q-YP3966 |
| DA357 | 5981 BCE | Russia | Lokomotiv | M | A-a1 |
C-F3918 |
| DA358 | 2883 BCE | Russia | Kurma XI | F | F1b |
|
| DA359 | 5713 BCE | Russia | Lokomotiv | M | D4-a |
N-FT210118 |
| DA360 | 2878 BCE | Russia | Kurma XI | F | F1b |
|
| DA362 | 5362 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | D4e1 |
N-FT210118 |
| I3426 | 2291 BCE | Russia | Okunev Ulus | M | H6a |
Q-BZ433 |
| I3427 | 2459 BCE | Russia | Okunev Ulus | M | A8a1* |
Q-BZ433 |
| I8743 | 9649 BCE | Russia | Sidelkino | F | U5a2 |
|
| RISE681 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V | F | A8a1 |
|
| RISE683 | 2138 BCE | Russia | Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V | M | H15b1 |
Q-FT414149 |
| RISE680 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V | F | A-a1 |
|
| RISE685 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V | F | C5c |
|
| RISE684 | 2463 BCE | Russia | Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V | F | C5c |
|
| RISE675 | 2857 BCE | Russia | Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V | M | D4-a |
R-M12149 |
| I3426 | 2291 BCE | Russia | Okunev Ulus | M | H6a |
Q-BZ433 |
| I3427 | 2459 BCE | Russia | Okunev Ulus | M | A8a1* |
Q-BZ433 |
| RISE662 | 2291 BCE | Russia | Okunev-Ulus (Republic of Khakassia, Ust-Abakansky District, Okunev Ulus) | M | H6a |
Q-Y18330 |
| RISE664 | 2459 BCE | Russia | Okunev-Ulus (Republic of Khakassia, Ust-Abakansky District, Okunev Ulus) | M | A8a1 |
Q-Y18330 |
| RISE719 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Sayan Mountain. Minusinskaya Intermountain Basin. Syda 5 | M | C5c |
Q-Y146631 |
| RISE718 | 2573 BCE | Russia | Sayan Mountain. Minusinskaya Intermountain Basin. Syda 5 | M | C5c |
Q-BZ433 |
| RISE677 | 2659 BCE | Russia | Uybat III | F | A8a1 |
|
| RISE667 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | F | A8a |
|
| RISE671 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | F | H6a1b |
|
| RISE670 | 2191 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | M | A8a |
Q-FT377000 |
| RISE672 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | M | H6a1b |
Q-FT377000 |
| RISE516 | 2201 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | F | H6a1b |
|
| RISE515 | 2343 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | F | A8a |
|
| RISE674 | 2284 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | M | A-a1b3* |
Q-FT377000 |
| RISE673 | 2900 BCE | Russia | Verkhni Askiz | M | A8a |
Q-FT377000 |
| DA354 | 2856 BCE | Russia | Kurma XI | M | D4 |
Q-BZ2197 |
| DA358 | 2883 BCE | Russia | Kurma XI | F | F1b |
|
| DA360 | 2878 BCE | Russia | Kurma XI | F | F1b |
|
| DA334 | 2284 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | C4a2a1 |
Q-FT375375 |
| DA339 | 2200 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | G2a1 |
Q-Y11236 |
| DA335 | 2500 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | F1b1b |
Q-FT375375 |
| DA336 | 2500 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | C4a2a1 |
Q-BZ2197 |
| DA338 | 2500 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | C4a2a1 |
Q-BZ2197 |
| DA337 | 2461 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | C4a1a3 |
Q-FT375375 |
| DA341 | 5714 BCE | Russia | Lokomotiv | F | D4j |
|
| DA357 | 5981 BCE | Russia | Lokomotiv | M | A-a1 |
C-F3918 |
| DA340 | 5217 BCE | Russia | Lokomotiv | M | D4 |
|
| DA359 | 5713 BCE | Russia | Lokomotiv | M | D4-a |
N1c |
| DA250 | 5524 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | G2a1 |
N-FT210118 |
| DA251 | 5471 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | D4j |
N-FT210118 |
| DA362 | 5362 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | D4e1 |
N-FT210118 |
| DA252 | 5473 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | F | G2a1 |
|
| DA248 | 5762 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | C4a'b'c* |
N-FT210118 |
| DA245 | 6069 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | G2a1* |
N-FT210118 |
| DA253 | 5371 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | F | F1b1-a |
|
| DA247 | 5837 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | M | C4 |
N-MF52704 |
| DA246 | 5884 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | F | D4e1 |
|
| DA249 | 5987 BCE | Russia | Shamanka II | F | C4 |
|
| I8743 | 9649 BCE | Russia | Sidelkino | F | U5a2 |
|
| Sidelkino | 9649 BCE | Russia | Sidelkino-Mayak (Samara Oblast, Chelno-Vershinskiy District, Sidel'kino) | F | U5a2 |
|
| DA344 | 3945 BCE | Russia | Ust'-Ida | M | A-a1 |
|
| DA342 | 3793 BCE | Russia | Ust'-Ida | F | R1b1 |
|
| DA355 | 3644 BCE | Russia | Ust'-Ida | M | A2 |
Q1a2 |
| DA345 | 3637 BCE | Russia | Ust'-Ida | M | D4j |
N-Z35159 |
| Kalmyks1 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
|
| Kalmyks2 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
|
| Altais1 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
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| Altais2 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
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| Bashkirs2 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
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| Bashkirs1 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
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| Bashkirs3 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
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| Buryats1 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
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| Buryats2 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
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| IrtyshBarabinskTatars1 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
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| IrtyshBarabinskTatars2 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
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| TomskTatars1 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
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| TomskTatars2 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
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| VolgaTatars1 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
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| VolgaTatars2 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
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| Teleuts1 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
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| Teleuts2 | 2000 CE | Russia | U | |
|
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| Tajiks2 | 2000 CE | Tajikistan | U | |
|
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| Tajiks1 | 2000 CE | Tajikistan | U | |
|
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| Tajiks3 | 2000 CE | Tajikistan | U | |
|
|
| MA2195 | 1400 CE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | F | C4a1a4a |
|
| MA2196 | 1400 CE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | F | D4j |
|
| MA2197 | 335 BCE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | F | K |
|
| MA2198 | 335 BCE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | F | U8b1b2 |
|
| MA2200 | 1750 BCE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | M | K1a31 |
J-FT156609 |
| MA2203 | 1750 BCE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | F | J1c |
|
| MA2205 | 2000 BCE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | M | J2b1 |
J-S21160 |
| MA2206 | 2000 BCE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | F | U1a |
|
| MA2208 | 2000 BCE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | M | H6a1b2e |
G-M406 |
| MA2210 | 2750 BCE | Turkey | Ovaören | M | H |
|
| MA2212 | 2750 BCE | Turkey | Ovaören | M | W5 |
J-Z39478 |
| MA2213 | 2750 BCE | Turkey | Ovaören | F | J1c10a |
|
| MA2205 | 2000 BCE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | M | J2b1 |
|
| MA2206 | 2000 BCE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | F | U1a |
|
| MA2208 | 2000 BCE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | M | H6a1b2e |
|
| MA2213 | 2750 BCE | Turkey | Ovaören | F | J1c10a |
|
| MA2210 | 2750 BCE | Turkey | Ovaören | M | H |
|
| MA2212 | 2750 BCE | Turkey | Ovaören | M | W5 |
|
| MA2198 | 335 BCE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | F | U8b1b2 |
|
| MA2197 | 335 BCE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | F | K |
|
| MA2200 | 1750 BCE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | M | K1a31 |
|
| MA2203 | 1750 BCE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | F | J1c |
|
| MA2195 | 1400 CE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | F | C4a1a4a |
|
| MA2196 | 1400 CE | Turkey | Kalehöyük | F | D4j |
|
| DA379 | 3482 BCE | Turkmenistan | Kara-Depe | M | U2b |
J-L24 |
| DA380 | 3366 BCE | Turkmenistan | Kara-Depe | F | J1-a |
|
| DA381 | 3367 BCE | Turkmenistan | Geoksyur | M | T2c1a |
J-Z7430 |
| DA382 | 916 BCE | Turkmenistan | Takhirbai 3 | M | T2c1a-b1a |
R-FGC45867 |
| DA383 | 3400 BCE | Turkmenistan | Takhirbai 3 | F | C4-a |
|
| DA381 | 3367 BCE | Turkmenistan | Geoksyur | M | T2c1a |
|
| DA380 | 3366 BCE | Turkmenistan | Kara-Depe | F | J1-a |
|
| DA379 | 3482 BCE | Turkmenistan | Kara-Depe | M | U2b |
|
| DA383 | 3400 BCE | Turkmenistan | Takhirbai 3 | F | C4-a |
|
| DA382 | 916 BCE | Turkmenistan | Takhirbai 3 | M | T2c1a-b1a |
|
| Turkmens1 | 2000 CE | Turkmenistan | U | |
|
|
| Turkmens2 | 2000 CE | Turkmenistan | U | |
|
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| Uzbeks1 | 2000 CE | Uzbekistan | U | |
|
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| Uzbeks2 | 2000 CE | Uzbekistan | U | |
|
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| Uzbeks3 | 2000 CE | Uzbekistan | U | |
|
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| Karakalpaks1 | 2000 CE | Uzbekistan | U | |
|
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| Karakalpaks2 | 2000 CE | Uzbekistan | U | |
|
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| Karakalpaks3 | 2000 CE | Uzbekistan | U | |
|
Chapter IV
Analysis
Comprehensive review of ancestry and genetic findings
Important Disclaimer: This review has been performed semi-automatically and is provided for informational purposes only. While we strive for accuracy, this analysis may contain errors, omissions, or misinterpretations of the original research. DNA Genics disclaims all liability for any inaccuracies, errors, or consequences arising from the use of this information. Users should independently verify all information and consult original research publications before making any decisions based on this content. This analysis is not intended as a substitute for professional scientific review or medical advice.