Bioarchaeological reassessment of Dahshur royal skeletal remains from the Late Middle Kingdom (c. 1850–1700 BCE)

Introduction: This study addresses the underutilization of bioarchaeological approaches in Egyptian research by reevaluating six royal skeletal remains (King Hor and five princesses) from de Morgan's 1894–1895 Dahshur excavation. Historically, these remains—now dispersed across two museums—received limited and contentious early analysis. Methods: The present research employs an integrated methodology, combining systematic osteological reexamination (biological profiles, activity patterns, non-metric traits, and paleopathology), radiological imaging (X-ray), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for embalming materials. Results: This multi-analytical approach generates comprehensive data on elite health, activity patterns, and familial relationships. It also provides new perspectives on the royal women interred with historically male-associated weapons and regalia, exploring whether these items reflect active use or symbolic burial. Discussion: By critically correlating skeletal and historical evidence, this study refines individual identities, contextualizes funerary practices, and demonstrates the vital role of human remains analysis in reconstructing ancient Egyptian life and death.