Atlantic Mesolithic
10,000-5,000 BCEAtlantic and inland hunter-gatherer communities, including some of Europe's oldest sequenced forager genomes.
Chapter I
The Story of Ancient Western Europe
Some of the oldest known European forager genomes come from cave sites in France and Belgium, giving the Atlantic facade unusually deep time coverage stretching back to the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic.
Around 5,000 BCE, the first Neolithic farmers reached the Paris Basin and the Cardial coast, and within a few centuries a Middle Neolithic community on the Yonne river at Gurgy left one of the largest multi-generational family trees ever reconstructed from ancient DNA. Communities at Fleury-sur-Orne in Normandy built monumental earthen mounds, while megalithic dolmen builders raised the tomb fields of the Jura and Brittany.
Bell Beaker groups and Atlantic Bronze Age networks connected the coastlines of France and the Low Countries by sea and river. Iron Age Gaulish and Belgic communities, whose La Tene cemeteries are richly documented in the Champagne chalk plains, gave way to Gallo-Roman provincial life once Rome's frontier reached the Rhine.
After Rome's authority receded, Merovingian and Frankish communities reshaped the region, leaving burial grounds beneath towns like Sint-Truiden. Population genetics shows strong continuity between many of these ancient groups and people living in France and the Low Countries today.
"The coastline remembers. The stones remember."
Paris Basin Farmers
5,000-3,000 BCEEarly farmers of the Paris Basin and Atlantic coast, including the Gurgy family-tree community on the Yonne.
Megalithic & Bell Beaker
3,000-2,200 BCESocieties who raised the dolmen fields of the Jura and the tomb complexes of Brittany.
Atlantic Bronze Age
2,200-800 BCEBronze Age networks linking the Atlantic coastlines of France and the Low Countries by sea and river.
Gaulish & Belgic
800-50 BCEIron Age populations documented in the richly furnished La Tene cemeteries of Champagne.
Gallo-Roman
50 BCE-500 CEProvincial communities along the Rhine frontier, with forts such as Valkenburg near the river mouth.
Merovingian & Frankish
500-1500 CEMerovingian, Frankish, and later medieval communities, from Sint-Truiden's abbey precinct to Saxon Groningen.
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