mtDNA · Maternal lineage

X2BA

mtDNA Haplogroup X2BA

A reference profile for one lineage branch. Shared haplogroups do not establish a family relationship or cultural identity.

Reference profile

Branch background

Historical context for mtDNA lineage branch X2BA

mtDNA haplogroup X2BA is a maternal lineage from the Phylotree reference tree. This record was auto-created to restore missing intermediate structure between existing clades. It is a subclade of X2BB.

Editorial status

This is a structural placeholder with low coverage. Enrich or reprocess for full narrative content.

Key Points

Editorial status

Reference profile

Tree & Relationships

Phylogenetic context and subclades

Evolution Path

Follow the recorded parent branches toward X2BA. Dates are estimates and can change as reference data is revised.

Steps	Haplogroup	Age Estimate	Archaeology Era	Time Passed	Immediate Descendants	Tested Modern Descendants	Ancient Connections
1	X2BA Current	-	-	-	6	13	0
2	X2BB	-	-	-	1	13	0
3	X2B	~12,000 years ago	Neolithic	12,000 years	1	87	73
4	X2B'D	-	-	-	2	132	0
5	X2a	~13,000 years ago	Mesolithic	13,000 years	6	162	4
6	X2	~22,000 years ago	Mesolithic	22,000 years	5	213	48
7	X1'2'3	-	-	-	3	237	0
8	X	~10,000 years ago	Neolithic	10,000 years	3	256	28
9	N	~60,000 years ago	Paleolithic	60,000 years	16	26,150	13
10	L3	~70,000 years ago	Paleolithic	70,000 years	7	30,162	6
11	L3'4	-	-	-	2	30,212	0
12	L3'4'6	-	-	-	2	30,216	0
13	L2'3'4'6	-	-	-	2	31,333	0
14	L2'3'4'5'6'7	-	-	-	2	31,349	0
15	L1'2'3'4'5'6'7	-	-	-	2	31,852	0
16	L	~160,000 years ago	Paleolithic	160,000 years	2	32,236	5

Subclades (6)

Near East / Eastern Mediterranean

X2B4

~6,000 years ago

Near East / Eastern Mediterranean

Near East / Eastern Mediterranean

Reference profile

Where in the World

Geographic distribution and modern presence

Recorded origin

To be determined

Modern Distribution

The populations where mtDNA haplogroup X2BA is found require further characterization through genetic studies.

Historical context

A branch through time

Estimated formation in a broad historical timeline. Period markers provide context and do not imply a connection with particular cultures.

A formation estimate is not recorded for this branch.

Reference profile

Archaeological context

Recorded archaeological associations for mtDNA branch X2BA

Recorded associations

These labels describe archaeological contexts recorded for reference samples linked to X2BA. An association does not establish that all carriers belonged to a culture or followed a particular migration route.

Bükk Group Bulgarian Neolithic French Neolithic Greek Neolithic Lengyel Culture Linear Pottery Culture Middle Neolithic French

Culture assignments are based on archaeological context of ancient DNA samples and may represent regional associations during specific time periods.

Reference profile

Sample Catalog

30 direct carriers of haplogroup X2BA

Find a reference sample

10 shown · 30 matching samples

Portraits are AI-generated illustrations. Sample labels and accession IDs identify the reference records.

Sample	Country	Era	Date	Culture	mtDNA	Match
Sample ID: VK361	Denmark	Denmark Viking	900 CE - 1000 CE	Viking Denmark	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: VK361	Denmark	The Viking Age	900 CE - 1000 CE		`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: VK410	Russia	Russia Viking	1000 CE - 1200 CE	Viking Culture	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: VK410	Russia	The Viking Age	1000 CE - 1200 CE		`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: OTTM_151ind2	Germany	Middle Bronze Age Lech Valley, Germany	1617 BCE - 1504 BCE	Lech Valley Culture	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: OTTM_151ind2	Germany	Middle Bronze Age Central Europe	1617 BCE - 1504 BCE		`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: OTTM_151ind2	Germany	Middle Bronze Age Central Europe	1617 BCE - 1504 BCE		`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: TV32032extra	Portugal	Portugal MBA	1800 BCE - 1400 BCE	Portuguese Bronze	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: TV32032extra	Portugal	Bronze Age Iberia	1800 BCE - 1400 BCE		`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: AITI_95	Germany	Early Bronze Age Lech Valley, Germany	1872 BCE - 1624 BCE	Lech Valley Bronze Age	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: AITI_95	Germany	Early Bronze Age Central Europe	1872 BCE - 1624 BCE		`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: AITI_32	Germany	Early Bronze Age Lech Valley, Germany	1881-1687 calBCE (3454±28 BP, MAMS-21565)	Lech Valley Bronze Age	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: AITI_43	Germany	Early Bronze Age Lech Valley, Germany	1888-1700 calBCE (3486±27 BP, MAMS-21571)	Lech Valley Bronze Age	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: POST_85	Germany	Early Bronze Age Lech Valley, Germany	2127-1901 calBCE (3631±24 BP, MAMS-18968)	Lech Valley Bronze Age	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: I5373	United Kingdom	Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age England	2195-1980 calBCE (3694±25 BP, BRAMS-1230)	British Chalcolithic	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: I0263	Spain	Spain C	2850-2250 BCE	Los Millares	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: Aes25	Switzerland	Switzerland LN	2865-2499 calBCE (4099±32 BP, BE-8681.1.1)	Swiss Neolithic	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: I1970	Portugal	Portugal C	2876-2491 calBCE (4100±60 BP, GrN-10972)	Portuguese Chalcolithic	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: Aes13	Switzerland	Switzerland LN	3013-2900 calBCE (4337±23 BP, BE-9182.1.1)	Swiss Neolithic	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: NGZ1	Ireland	Ireland MN	3322-2921 calBCE (4421±30 BP, OxA-36080)	Irish Middle Neolithic	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: I0519	United Kingdom	England N	3400-3100 BCE	British Neolithic	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: I8568	Spain	Spain MLN	3496-3355 calBCE (4615±20 BP, PSUAMS-4432)	Iberian Neolithic	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: I8567	Spain	Spain MLN	3500-3300 BCE	Iberian Neolithic	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: PB186	Ireland	Ireland MN	3516-3359 calBCE (4638±36 BP, UBA-35072)	Irish Middle Neolithic	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: I7601	Spain	Spain MLN	3644-3528 calBCE (4810±22 BP, MAMS-16354)	Iberian Neolithic	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: PRI001	France	France MN	4342-4077 calBCE (5406±32 BP, OxA-15063)	Middle Neolithic French	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: GRG028	France	France MN	4836-4606 calBCE (5855±40 BP, Lyon-4446, SacA-8629)	Middle Neolithic French	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: I1499	Hungary	Middle Neolithic Alföld Linear Pottery Culture Bükk Group, Hungary	5286 BCE - 5015 BCE	Bükk Group	`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: I1499	Hungary	Middle Neolithic Central Europe	5286 BCE - 5015 BCE		`X2b-a`	Direct
Sample ID: I1499	Hungary	Middle Neolithic Central Europe	5286 BCE - 5015 BCE		`X2b-a`	Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of Norse individual, Langeland. Bogevej, Denmark (900-1,000 CE)

Sample ID: VK361

Viking Age Denmark - Denmark - Langeland. Bogevej

Denmark Denmark Viking 900 CE - 1000 CE

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of Viking individual, Langeland. Bogevej, Denmark (900-1,000 CE)

Sample ID: VK361

Denmark The Viking Age 900 CE - 1000 CE

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of Norse individual, Ladoga, Russia (1,000-1,200 CE)

Sample ID: VK410

Viking Age Russia - Russia - Ladoga

Russia Russia Viking 1000 CE - 1200 CE

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of Viking individual, Ladoga, Russia (1,000-1,200 CE)

Sample ID: VK410

Russia The Viking Age 1000 CE - 1200 CE

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of Central European Bronze Age Cultures individual, Oberottmarshausen - Kiesgrube Lauter, Germany (1,617-1,504 BCE)

Sample ID: OTTM_151ind2

Middle Bronze Age Lech Valley, Germany - Germany - Oberottmarshausen - Kiesgrube Lauter

Germany Middle Bronze Age Lech Valley, Germany 1617 BCE - 1504 BCE

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of Ceu Mba individual, Oberottmarshausen - Kiesgrube Lauter, Germany (1,617-1,504 BCE)

Sample ID: OTTM_151ind2

Germany Middle Bronze Age Central Europe 1617 BCE - 1504 BCE

X2b-a Direct

Sample ID: OTTM_151ind2

Germany Lech MBA possible.contam - Oberottmarshausen - Kiesgrube Lauter

Germany Middle Bronze Age Central Europe 1617 BCE - 1504 BCE

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of Atlantic Bronze Age individual, Torre Velha 3, Portugal (1,800-1,400 BCE)

Sample ID: TV32032extra

Middle Bronze Age Portugal - Portugal - Torre Velha 3

Portugal Portugal MBA 1800 BCE - 1400 BCE

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of Iberia Ba individual, Torre Velha 3, Portugal (1,800-1,400 BCE)

Sample ID: TV32032extra

Portugal Bronze Age Iberia 1800 BCE - 1400 BCE

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of Central European Bronze Age Cultures individual, Kleinaitingen - Gewerbegebiet Nord, Germany (1,872-1,624 BCE)

Sample ID: AITI_95

Early Bronze Age Lech Valley, Germany - Germany - Kleinaitingen - Gewerbegebiet Nord

Germany Early Bronze Age Lech Valley, Germany 1872 BCE - 1624 BCE

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of Ceu Eba individual, Kleinaitingen - Gewerbegebiet Nord, Germany (1,872-1,624 BCE)

Sample ID: AITI_95

Germany Early Bronze Age Central Europe 1872 BCE - 1624 BCE

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of Kleinaitingen Gewerbegebiet Nord EBA individual, Kleinaitingen - Gewerbegebiet Nord, Germany (1,881-1,687 BCE)

Sample ID: AITI_32

Early Bronze Age Lech Valley, Germany - Germany - Kleinaitingen - Gewerbegebiet Nord

Germany Early Bronze Age Lech Valley, Germany 1881-1687 calBCE (3454±28 BP, MAMS-21565)

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of Kleinaitingen Gewerbegebiet Nord EBA individual, Kleinaitingen - Gewerbegebiet Nord, Germany (1,888-1,700 BCE)

Sample ID: AITI_43

Early Bronze Age Lech Valley, Germany - Germany - Kleinaitingen - Gewerbegebiet Nord

Germany Early Bronze Age Lech Valley, Germany 1888-1700 calBCE (3486±27 BP, MAMS-21571)

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of Haunstetten Postillionstrasse EBA individual, Haunstetten - Postillionstraße, Germany (2,127-1,901 BCE)

Sample ID: POST_85

Early Bronze Age Lech Valley, Germany - Germany - Haunstetten - Postillionstraße

Germany Early Bronze Age Lech Valley, Germany 2127-1901 calBCE (3631±24 BP, MAMS-18968)

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of England EBA C-olow EEF individual, England. Derbyshire. Brassington. Carsington Pasture Cave, United Kingdom (2,195-1,980 BCE)

Sample ID: I5373

Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age England - United Kingdom - England. Derbyshire. Brassington. Carsington Pasture Cave

United Kingdom Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age England 2195-1980 calBCE (3694±25 BP, BRAMS-1230)

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of Iberian Chalcolithic individual, Barcelona. Cerdanyola. Paris Street, Spain (2,850-2,250 BCE)

Sample ID: I0263

Chalcolithic Spain - Spain - Barcelona. Cerdanyola. Paris Street

Spain Spain C 2850-2250 BCE

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of LN-o Steppe individual, Aesch, Switzerland (2,865-2,499 BCE)

Sample ID: Aes25

Late Neolithic Switzerland - Switzerland - Aesch

Switzerland Switzerland LN 2865-2499 calBCE (4099±32 BP, BE-8681.1.1)

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of Iberian Chalcolithic individual, Lisbon. Verdelha dos Ruivos, Portugal (2,876-2,491 BCE)

Sample ID: I1970

Chalcolithic Portugal - Portugal - Lisbon. Verdelha dos Ruivos

Portugal Portugal C 2876-2491 calBCE (4100±60 BP, GrN-10972)

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of LN individual, Aesch, Switzerland (3,013-2,900 BCE)

Sample ID: Aes13

Late Neolithic Switzerland - Switzerland - Aesch

Switzerland Switzerland LN 3013-2900 calBCE (4337±23 BP, BE-9182.1.1)

X2b-a Direct

AI-generated illustrative portrait of MN individual, Ireland. Meath. Site Z. Newgrange, Ireland (3,322-2,921 BCE)

Sample ID: NGZ1

Middle Neolithic Ireland - Ireland - Ireland. Meath. Site Z. Newgrange

Ireland Ireland MN 3322-2921 calBCE (4421±30 BP, OxA-36080)

X2b-a Direct

MATERNAL LINEAGE · ANCIENT DNA

Ancient lineage evidence map

Follow parent clades toward this branch and explore where ancient carriers were found.

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Lineage branch

Read observations as a table

Displayed ancient observations by branch, period and date midpoint
Branch	Period	Date range	Sample	Sample ID	Location	Haplogroup	Relationship

Markers are archaeological find locations. A dashed connector is an uncertain, proposed geographic transition between consecutive branches supported by multiple dated observations; it is not an exact travel route, birthplace or proof of direct descent. Parent-clade samples may belong to other descendant branches. Gaps remain where evidence is insufficient. Sample dates differ from haplogroup formation dates.

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Carrier Distribution Map

Geographic distribution of 30 ancient DNA samples (direct and subclade carriers of X2BA)

Direct carrier

All Time Periods

Showing all samples

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Temporal Distribution

Distribution of carriers across archaeological periods

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Geographic Distribution

Counts by recorded sample country. These reflect the available reference selection, not population frequencies.

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Country × Era Distribution

Compare recorded sample counts across countries and archaeological periods. Select a populated cell to inspect a sample.

Data

Data & Provenance

Source information and data quality

Last Updated 2026-06-14

Confidence Score 50/100

Coverage Low

Data Source

Classification, estimated dates and geographic context reflect the recorded reference data and may change as evidence is revised. Sample coverage is uneven; recorded locations and archaeological associations do not establish personal origin or cultural identity.