A Paleogenomic Reconstruction of the Deep Population History of the Andes
Nakatsuka N, Lazaridis I, Barbieri C et al.
Publication Details
Comprehensive information about this research publication
Abstract
Summary of the research findings
There are many unanswered questions about the population history of the Central and South Central Andes, particularly regarding the impact of large-scale societies, such as the Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku, and Inca. We assembled genome-wide data on 89 individuals dating from ∼9,000-500 years ago (BP), with a particular focus on the period of the rise and fall of state societies. Today's genetic structure began to develop by 5,800 BP, followed by bi-directional gene flow between the North and South Highlands, and between the Highlands and Coast. We detect minimal admixture among neighboring groups between ∼2,000-500 BP, although we do detect cosmopolitanism (people of diverse ancestries living side-by-side) in the heartlands of the Tiwanaku and Inca polities. We also highlight cases of long-range mobility connecting the Andes to Argentina and the Northwest Andes to the Amazon Basin. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Ancient DNA Samples
61 ancient DNA samples referenced in this publication
| Sample ID | Date/Era | Country | Locality | Sex | mtDNA | Y-DNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I8351 | 250 CE | Argentina | Pampas. Laguna Chica | F | D1g-a |
|
| IO2 | 775 CE | Bolivia | TiticacaBasin | U | B2 |
Q-Z780 |
| MIS3 | 765 CE | Bolivia | TiticacaBasin | U | B2b |
Q-M3 |
| MIS5 | 770 CE | Bolivia | TiticacaBasin | U | B2 |
|
| MIS7 | 700 CE | Bolivia | TiticacaBasin | U | B2o |
Q-L53 |
| I0979 | 650 CE | Bolivia | Tiwanaku. La Paz | M | B2 |
Q-M242 |
| I0977 | 900 CE | Bolivia | Tiwanaku. La Paz | F | C1c |
|
| I0976 | 900 CE | Bolivia | Tiwanaku. La Paz | M | B2 |
Q-M3 |
| I0978 | 1015 CE | Bolivia | Tiwanaku. La Paz | M | B2 |
Q-M3 |
| I17497 | 1301 CE | Chile | Atacama Desert. Precordillera | M | C1b |
Q-Z5907 |
| I14009 | 1155 CE | Chile | Atacama Desert. Precordillera | M | B2 |
Q-MEH2 |
| I2538 | 771 CE | Chile | Caleta Huelen 12 | F | B2 |
|
| I2539 | 795 CE | Chile | Caleta Huelen 12 | F | B2 |
|
| I2540 | 750 CE | Chile | Caleta Huelen 12 | M | A2 |
Q-M3 |
| I2233 | 115 BCE | Peru | Paracas Penisula. Wari Kayan | M | D1 |
Q-M902 |
| I2237 | 525 CE | Peru | El Brujo | F | D1 |
|
| I2263 | 710 CE | Peru | El Brujo | M | D4h3a |
Q-M902 |
| I0324 | 710 CE | Peru | El Brujo | M | C |
Q-Z780 |
| I0974 | 200 CE | Peru | Lima. Huaca Pucllana | M | B2 |
Q-M346 |
| I0975 | 635 CE | Peru | Lima. Huaca Pucllana | F | C1b |
|
| I0045 | 100 CE | Peru | Lima. Huaca Pucllana | M | B2 |
Q-M902 |
| I2238 | 200 CE | Peru | El Brujo | F | D1 |
|
| I2262 | 200 CE | Peru | El Brujo | M | C1b |
Q-Z780 |
| I2557 | 470 CE | Peru | Ica Valley | F | C1b |
|
| I2558 | 585 CE | Peru | Ica Valley | M | B2 |
Q-B48 |
| I2268 | 2400 BCE | Peru | El Brujo | F | B2 |
|
| I2545 | 1400 CE | Peru | Mesayocpata | M | C1b |
Q-M3 |
| I1743 | 1430 CE | Peru | Cusco. San Sebastián. Machu Piccu | M | A2 |
Q-B48 |
| I0042 | 1215 CE | Peru | Ayachucho. Lucanas. Laramate. Botigiriayocc | F | C1b |
|
| I2236 | 1200 CE | Peru | Chanka | M | D1f |
Q-Z5907 |
| I2563 | 1200 CE | Peru | Chanka | F | B2 |
|
| I2544 | 1100 CE | Peru | Charrangochayoc | F | B2 |
|
| I2264 | 1100 CE | Peru | Chinchawas | F | D1 |
|
| I2250 | 1100 CE | Peru | Chinchawas | M | D1 |
Q-M3 |
| I2251 | 1100 CE | Peru | Chinchawas | F | D1 |
|
| I2258 | 1310 CE | Peru | Ancash. Pallasca. La Galgada | M | C1b |
Q-Z780 |
| I0044 | 1230 CE | Peru | Lima. Huaca Pucllana | F | C1b |
|
| I0964 | 1315 CE | Peru | Lima. Huaca Pucllana | F | C1b |
|
| I0965 | 1300 CE | Peru | Lima. Huaca Pucllana | F | D1 |
|
| I0969 | 1065 CE | Peru | Lima. Huaca Pucllana | M | B2b |
Q-M346 |
| I1396 | 1315 CE | Peru | Ayacucho. Lucanas. Laramate. Pacapaccari | M | B2 |
P-M45 |
| I1358 | 1175 CE | Peru | Ayacucho. Lucanas. Laramate. Pacapaccari | M | B2b |
Q-M902 |
| I1356 | 1310 CE | Peru | Ayacucho. Lucanas. Laramate. Pacapaccari | F | B2 |
|
| I1479 | 1325 CE | Peru | Ica. Palpa. Los Molinos | F | B2b |
|
| I2549 | 1390 CE | Peru | Ica. Palpa. Los Molinos | M | D1 |
Q-M902 |
| I1744 | 1285 CE | Peru | Cusco. San Sebastián. Machu Piccu | M | C1d1 |
Q-M3 |
| I1400 | 1295 CE | Peru | Cusco. San Sebastián. Machu Piccu | M | B2 |
Q-M346 |
| I0972 | 900 CE | Peru | Lima. Huaca Pucllana | M | B2b |
Q-L53 |
| I0967 | 900 CE | Peru | Lima. Huaca Pucllana | M | B2 |
Q-M3 |
| I0966 | 900 CE | Peru | Lima. Huaca Pucllana | M | C1b |
Q-M3 |
| I2543 | 985 CE | Peru | Chanka | M | C1d1 |
F-M89 |
| I2252 | 750 CE | Peru | Chinchawas | M | D1 |
Q-M3 |
| I0968 | 985 CE | Peru | Lima. Huaca Pucllana | M | C1b |
Q-B48 |
| I0971 | 500 CE | Peru | Lima. Huaca Pucllana | F | A2 |
|
| I2550 | 985 CE | Peru | Monte Grande | M | C1b |
Q-L53 |
| I2242 | 1185 CE | Peru | El Brujo | F | C1c |
|
| I2243 | 750 CE | Peru | El Brujo | F | A2 |
|
| I2244 | 750 CE | Peru | El Brujo | M | C1b |
Q-M3 |
| I2241 | 750 CE | Peru | El Brujo | M | C1c |
Q-M902 |
| I2560 | 905 CE | Peru | Ica Valley | F | B2 |
|
| I2253 | 750 CE | Peru | Chinchawas | F | D1 |
|
Analysis
Comprehensive review of ancestry and genetic findings
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